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Technology transfer, intellectual property, and the fight for the soul of WHO.
PLOS Glob Public Health
December 2024
Yale Law School, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Collaboration for Regulatory Rigor, Integrity, and Transparency, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
Debates over the scope, terms, and governance of technology transfer-the sharing of essential technical information, know-how, and materials needed to manufacture a health product-are prominent and controversial in international health diplomacy. These debates have become focal points in recent contentious negotiations to amend the International Health Regulations (IHR) and draft a global Pandemic Agreement. While some countries advocate for automatic or compulsory mechanisms to facilitate access to health technologies, especially in times of crisis, others oppose legal frameworks that mandate non-voluntary participation by the pharmaceutical industry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCambodia's Imminent Graduation from Least Developed Country Status: What Will be the Impact of the TRIPS Agreement on Access to HIV and Hepatitis C Medicines in Cambodia?
Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv
July 2024
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Cambodia has experienced exponential economic growth in recent years and is expected to graduate from least developed country (LDC) status within the next decade. Membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) will require Cambodia to grant product and process patents for pharmaceuticals upon LDC graduation. This study aims to measure the impact of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on the price of HIV and hepatitis C medicine in Cambodia once it graduates from LDC status and is obliged to make patents available for pharmaceutical products and processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImpact of global trade agreements on agricultural producer prices in Asian countries.
Heliyon
January 2024
Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100, Godollo, Hungary.
Following global trade agreements, Asian countries have been highly aggressive in implementing free trade. These conditions will impact all sectors, including agriculture. This study aims to examine the impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization membership (WTO), and the Doha Round implementations on agricultural producer prices in Asian countries (PPI).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGlobal renewable energy trade network: patterns and determinants.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
February 2024
Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
The renewable energy product trade is critically important to global economic prospects and its rapid development, making it a key issue in international economics of much interest to scholars. Previous studies have paid attention to bilateral trade, yet we still know little about the patterns of renewable energy product trade and its evolution from the whole industry perspective. Based on bilateral trade data, complex network, as well as ERGM and TERGM, we build global renewable energy trade networks (GRETNs) during 2000-2018 and explore the patterns and determinants.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExperimental validation of absorbed dose-to-medium calculation algorithms in heterogeneous media.
Phys Med Biol
February 2024
Department of Medical Physics, Oncopole Claudius Regaud - Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
The aim of this work was to determine heterogeneous correction factorshQclin,Qreffclin,frefdetm,wto validate absorbed dose-to-mediumDm,Qclinm,fclincalculation algorithms from detector readings. The impact of detector orientation perpendicular and parallel to the beam central axis on the correction factors was also investigated.ThehQclin,Qreffclin,frefdetm,wfactors were calculated for four types of detectors (PTW PinPoint T31016, PTW microDiamond T60019, PTW microSilicon T60023 and EBT3 film) placed in different media (cortical bone, lung, adipose tissue, Teflon and RW3) for the 6 MV energy beam with a 10 × 10 cmfield size.
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