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The role of the heart in the evolution of aerobic performance.
J Exp Biol
October 2024
Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A1.
Aerobic metabolism underlies vital traits such as locomotion and thermogenesis, and aerobic capacity influences fitness in many animals. The heart is a key determinant of aerobic capacity, but the relative influence of cardiac output versus other steps in the O2 transport pathway remains contentious. In this Commentary, we consider this issue by examining the mechanistic basis for adaptive increases in aerobic capacity (thermogenic V̇O2,max; also called summit metabolism) in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) native to high altitude.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhysiological insight into the evolution of complex phenotypes: aerobic performance and the O2 transport pathway of vertebrates.
J Exp Biol
August 2021
Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada.
Evolutionary physiology strives to understand how the function and integration of physiological systems influence the way in which organisms evolve. Studies of the O2 transport pathway - the integrated physiological system that transports O2 from the environment to mitochondria - are well suited to this endeavour. We consider the mechanistic underpinnings across the O2 pathway for the evolution of aerobic capacity, focusing on studies of artificial selection and naturally selected divergence among wild populations of mammals and fish.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntegrative Conductance of Oxygen During Exercise at Altitude.
Adv Exp Med Biol
June 2017
School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
In the oxygen (O2) cascade downstream steps can never achieve higher flows of O2 than the preceding ones. At the lung the transfer of O2 is determined by the O2 gradient between the alveolar space and the lung capillaries and the O2 diffusing capacity (DLO2). While DLO2 may be increased several times during exercise by recruiting more lung capillaries and by increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to higher peripheral extraction of O2, the capacity to enhance the alveolocapillary PO2 gradient is more limited.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWhy Are High Altitude Natives So Strong at High Altitude? Nature vs. Nurture: Genetic Factors vs. Growth and Development.
Adv Exp Med Biol
June 2017
Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
Among high-altitude natives there is evidence of a general hypoxia tolerance leading to enhanced performance and/or increased capacity in several important domains. These domains likely include an enhanced physical work capacity, an enhanced reproductive capacity, and an ability to resist several common pathologies of chronic high-altitude exposure. The "strength" of the high-altitude native in this regard may have both a developmental and a genetic basis, although there is better evidence for the former (developmental effects) than for the latter.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAir to muscle O2 delivery during exercise at altitude.
High Alt Med Biol
September 2009
Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
Hypoxia-induced hyperventilation is critical to improve blood oxygenation, particularly when the arterial Po2 lies in the steep region of the O2 dissociation curve of the hemoglobin (ODC). Hyperventilation increases alveolar Po2 and, by increasing pH, left shifts the ODC, increasing arterial saturation (Sao2) 6 to 12 percentage units. Pulmonary gas exchange (PGE) is efficient at rest and, hence, the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference (Pao2-Pao2) remains close to 0 to 5mm Hg.
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