This review focuses on recent advances in the structure-function relationships of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and its receptor. TSH is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family constituting a subset of the cystine-knot growth factor superfamily. TSH is produced by the pituitary thyrotrophs and released to the circulation in a pulsatile manner. It stimulates thyroid functions using specific membrane TSH receptor (TSHR) that belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). New insights into the structure-function relationships of TSH permitted better understanding of the role of specific protein and carbohydrate domains in the synthesis, bioactivity, and clearance of this hormone. Recent progress in studies on TSHR as well as studies on the other GPCRs provided new clues regarding the molecular mechanisms of receptor activation. Such advances are a result of extensive site-directed mutagenesis, peptide and antibody approaches, detailed sequence analyses, and molecular modeling as well as studies on naturally occurring gain- and loss-of-function mutations. This review integrates expanding information on TSH and TSHR structure-function relationships and summarizes current concepts on ligand-dependent and -independent TSHR activation. Special emphasis has been placed on TSH domains involved in receptor recognition, constitutive activity of TSHR, new insights into the evolution of TSH bioactivity, and the development of high-affinity TSH analogs. Such structural, physiological, pathophysiological, evolutionary, and therapeutic implications of TSH-TSHR structure-function studies are frequently discussed in relation to concomitant progress made in studies on gonadotropins and their receptors.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2001 | DOI Listing |
Neurosci Insights
January 2025
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
The postpartum period is marked by radical changes in the maternal brain. Seeking to explore the mechanisms that underlie these changes, this article focuses on the relevant hormonal, inflammatory, and behavioral factors. Longitudinal imaging studies have shed valuable light on both short- and long-term alterations in postpartum brain structure and connectivity, particularly in the regions that play key roles in emotion regulation and stress response.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Nutr
January 2025
Prefabricated Dish Industry Development Research Institute, Zhejiang Dong Fang Polytechnic, Wenzhou, China.
Introduction: Oxidative stress, triggered by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, is implicated in various pathological conditions. Plant-derived polysaccharides have gained significant attention as potential natural antioxidants due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural versatility.
Methods: This study focuses on the purification, structural characterization, and antioxidant activities of a novel pectin polysaccharide (HFPS) isolated from the flowers of Linn.
Sci Rep
January 2025
Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
Land ecological security (LES) is crucial for human well-being and sustainable development, especially in areas like the Lower Yellow River Flood Plain (LYRFP), which faces flood threats, economic challenges, and ecological fragility. This study introduces a "Quality-Structure-Function" framework for evaluating LYRFP's LES, incorporating ecological baselines and the impacts of land use changes on human well-being for a comprehensive assessment. Using the Optimal Parameter Geographic Detector (OPGD) model, we analyzed agricultural, industrial, and socio-economic factors as potential LES drivers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS Genet
January 2025
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
Development of multicellular organisms requires well-orchestrated interplay between cell-intrinsic transcription factors and cell-cell signaling. One set of highly conserved transcription factors that plays diverse roles in development is the SoxC group. C.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdv Sci (Weinh)
January 2025
Institution Faculty of Arts and Sciences & Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) involves the recombination of diamagnetic hydroxyl (OH) or water (HO) into the paramagnetic triplet state of oxygen (O). The spin conservation of oxygen intermediates plays a crucial role in OER, however, research on spin dynamics during the catalytic process remains in its early stages. Herein, β-Ni(OH) and Fe-doped β-Ni(OH) (NiFe(OH)) are utilized as model catalysts to understand the mechanism of spin magnetic effects at iron (III) sites during OER.
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