We investigated circadian and homeostatic regulation of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in golden-mantled ground squirrels during euthermic intervals between torpor bouts. Slow-wave activity (SWA; 1-4 Hz) and sigma activity (10-15 Hz) represent the two dominant electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency components of NREM sleep. EEG sigma activity has a strong circadian component in addition to a sleep homeostatic component, whereas SWA mainly reflects sleep homeostasis [Dijk DJ and Czeisler CA. J Neurosci 15: 3526-3538, 1995; Dijk DJ, Shanahan TL, Duffy JF, Ronda JM, and Czeisler CA. J Physiol (Lond) 505: 851-858, 1997]. Animals maintained under constant conditions continued to display circadian rhythms in both sigma activity and brain temperature throughout euthermic intervals, whereas sleep and wakefulness showed no circadian organization. Instead, sleep and wakefulness were distributed according to a 6-h ultradian rhythm. SWA, NREM sleep bout length, and sigma activity responded homeostatically to the ultradian sleep-wake pattern. We suggest that the loss of sleep-wake consolidation in ground squirrels during the hibernation season may be related to the greatly decreased locomotor activity during the hibernation season and may be necessary for maintenance of multiday torpor bouts characteristic of hibernating species.
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