2'-Aldehydes and 2'-ketones of alpha-C-glycosides, including the gluco-, galacto-, and manno- series, were epimerized exclusively to their beta-anomers in good-to-excellent yields under basic conditions and in the presence of zinc acetate. The beta-stereoselectivity is independent of the neighboring group at 2-O-substitution of sugar substrates. Therefore, this provides a particularly useful method for the preparation of manno-beta-C-glycosides. The epimerization is likely initiated by the formation of Zn-enolate that is stabilized by intramolecular chelation to the pyranose ring-oxygen to form a syn chair-boat structure. Due to the activation generated by the Zn-O coordination, fission of the C1-O bond occurs, leading to opening of the pyranose ring, which is spontaneously followed by a change in conformation. The more stable anti chair-boat transition state is favored, and the subsequent hetero-intramolecular Michael addition results in the formation of beta-C-glycoside in a ring-closure step.
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