The rapid sequencing of the genomes of a number of organisms, including humans, has led to major changes in the drug industry. The abundance of genome data, and the reagents generated from these genomes, have enabled the study of changes in large numbers of genes and proteins in parallel, using methods such as DNA microarrays to examine gene expression changes, or 2D polyacrylamide electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) to observe changes in the expression of proteins. While these techniques have been in use for several years, their application has primarily focused on the target discovery phase, with some early work carried out on drug- or toxin-induced changes in proteins using 2D-PAGE. In the last two years, a slew of publications have appeared on the application of array technologies to the study of toxicology, and the aim of this review is to highlight some recent examples of these applications.
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