In two experiments rats were pre-exposed to the landmarks surrounding a Morris pool while they swam to a platform with a beacon attached to it. They were then required to escape from the pool by finding the platform, without the beacon, in a new position. When the platform remained in the same place for each pre-exposure session, but was moved from session to session, then subsequent escape from the pool was more rapid than when the landmarks were not visible during pre-exposure (Experiment 1). But when the platform was moved from trial to trial during pre-exposure, then subsequent escape from the pool was disrupted (Experiments 1 and 2). It is proposed that pre-exposure to the landmark alters the attention that is paid to them, which then influences how readily the landmarks can be used to identify the new position of the platform.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724990143000081 | DOI Listing |
Unlabelled: The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of intestinal CD4+ T cells is enriched for specificity towards microbiome-encoded epitopes shared among many microbiome members, providing broad microbial reactivity from a limited pool of cells. These cells actively coordinate mutualistic host-microbiome interactions, yet many epitopes are shared between gut symbionts and closely related pathobionts and pathogens. Given the disparate impacts of these agents on host health, intestinal CD4+ T cells must maintain strain-level discriminatory power to ensure protective immunity while preventing inappropriate responses against symbionts.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFElife
December 2024
Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
As pathogens spread in a population of hosts, immunity is built up, and the pool of susceptible individuals are depleted. This generates selective pressure, to which many human RNA viruses, such as influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2, respond with rapid antigenic evolution and frequent emergence of immune evasive variants. However, the host's immune systems adapt, and older immune responses wane, such that escape variants only enjoy a growth advantage for a limited time.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer
December 2024
Dept. Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Biomarkers in Cancer research group, Dept. Basic and Applied Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address:
Alterations in the prostate cancer (PCa) N-glycome have gained attention as a potential biomarker. This comprehensive review explores the diversity of N-glycosylation patterns observed in PCa-related cell lines, tissue, serum and urine, focusing on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the total pool of glycoproteins. Within the context of PCa, altered N-glycosylation patterns are a mechanism of immune escape and a disruption in normal glycoprotein distribution and trafficking.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Pharm
January 2025
College of Pharmacy, Dali University, No. 2 Hongsheng Road, Dali 671003, Yunnan, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali University, Xueren Road, Dali 671003, Yunnan, PR China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, PR China. Electronic address:
The uptake and intracellular trafficking of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) along the endolysosomal pathway leading to releasing compartments is critical for delivery efficiency. How the players of the processes interact with each other to affect LNP delivery remains unclear. Here, we employed a recently developed, highly sensitive LNP labeling platform in combination with defined-state of endolysosomal activity of cells to address this outstanding question with spatiotemporal analysis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
December 2024
Department of Biology, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
Flexible control of pectoral appendages enables motor behaviors of vastly different strength, speed, and amplitude, as in a human playing the piano or throwing a ball. Such control necessitates a fine-tuned, coordinated activation of motoneurons, which is facilitated by spatially ordered motoneuron pools in mammals. While differently sized neurons are known to contribute to different strengths of pectoral movements, it remains unclear how these pectoral motor pools are organized in less complex pectoral systems as those of teleost fish.
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