Homogeneity, flatness, and "large" extra dimensions.

Phys Rev Lett

Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7079, USA.

Published: December 2001

We consider a model in which the Universe is the direct product of an ordinary (3+1)-dimensional space--a brane where all the standard model fields are confined-and a compact hyperbolic manifold. The decay of massive Kaluza-Klein modes leads to the injection of bulk entropy into the observable Universe. The large statistical averaging inherent in the collapse of the initial entropy onto the brane smoothes out any initial inhomogeneities in the distribution of matter and of three-curvature.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.231303DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

homogeneity flatness
4
flatness "large"
4
"large" extra
4
extra dimensions
4
dimensions consider
4
consider model
4
model universe
4
universe direct
4
direct product
4
product ordinary
4

Similar Publications

Within the family of two-dimensional dielectrics, rhombohedral boron nitride (rBN) is considerably promising owing to having not only the superior properties of hexagonal boron nitride-including low permittivity and dissipation, strong electrical insulation, good chemical stability, high thermal conductivity and atomic flatness without dangling bonds-but also useful optical nonlinearity and interfacial ferroelectricity originating from the broken in-plane and out-of-plane centrosymmetry. However, the preparation of large-sized single-crystal rBN layers remains a challenge, owing to the requisite unprecedented growth controls to coordinate the lattice orientation of each layer and the sliding vector of every interface. Here we report a facile methodology using bevel-edge epitaxy to prepare centimetre-sized single-crystal rBN layers with exact interlayer ABC stacking on a vicinal nickel surface.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Purpose: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) holds promise for image-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) in prostate cancer. However, challenges persist due to image distortion, artifacts, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) reproducibility issues. This study aimed to assess DWI image quality and ADC reproducibility on both a 1.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Objective: The Six dual-field is the most commonly used treatment technique in total skin electron therapy (TSET). Because of the prolonged treatment period, the patient may experience discomfort, and routine radiotherapy treatments may be affected. This reflects the idea of using a modified technique in TSET.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Background: Beam scanning is a useful technique for the treatment of large tumors when the primary beam size is limited, which is the case with radiation beams used in FLASH radiotherapy.

Purpose: To optimize beam scanning as a dose delivery method for FLASH radiotherapy, it is necessary to first understand the effects of beam scanning on the FLASH effect. To do so, biological FLASH experiments need to be done using defined beam parameters with beam scanning and compared to the situation without beam scanning.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Uniform thin ice on ultraflat graphene for high-resolution cryo-EM.

Nat Methods

January 2023

Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) visualizes the atomic structure of macromolecules that are embedded in vitrified thin ice at their close-to-native state. However, the homogeneity of ice thickness, a key factor to ensure high image quality, is poorly controlled during specimen preparation and has become one of the main challenges for high-resolution cryo-EM. Here we found that the uniformity of thin ice relies on the surface flatness of the supporting film, and developed a method to use ultraflat graphene (UFG) as the support for cryo-EM specimen preparation to achieve better control of vitreous ice thickness.

View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!