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Entropy generation and water conservation in the mammalian nephron.

J Comp Physiol B

January 2025

Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

During the transition from fresh waters to terrestrial habitats, significant adaptive changes occurred in kidney function of vertebrates to cope with varying osmotic challenges. We investigated the mechanisms driving water conservation in the mammalian nephron, focusing on the relative contributions of active ion transport and Starling forces. We constructed a thermodynamic model to estimate the entropy generation associated with different processes within the nephron, and analyzed their relative importance in urine formation.

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Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) frequently coexists with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is common in the aging population, yet the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Both long-term blood pressure variability (BPV) and plasma neurofilament light (PNFL) were identified as potential biomarkers for AD and CSVD. This study aims to understand the mechanisms of comorbidity between AD and CSVD by investigating the associations among BPV, PNFL, and comorbidity.

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An association of mental health and in particular depression with cardiovascular disease has been shown in adults and to a lesser extent in the young. Recently improved measurement methods of carotid-intima media thickness (CIMT) and carotid stiffness (CS) allow more differentiated analyses of this link. We examined 4,361 participants of the nationwide KiGGS cohort aged 3-17 years at baseline and 14-28 years at follow-up.

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Objectives: Cardiovascular complications are well known in humans with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD), but limited data exist for cats. This study aimed to assess echocardiographic changes, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Persian cats with PKD to detect early cardiac abnormalities.

Methods: In total, 52 Persian and mixed-Persian cats were enrolled, with 26 cats in the control group and 26 diagnosed with PKD via ultrasound due to the unavailability of genetic testing.

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Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a validated risk locus for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). ACE1 controls blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), but it is also present and acts locally in the brain. Hypertension is associated with an increased risk for developing AD, and people taking select RAS-targeting therapeutics have reduced incidence of AD.

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