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CRISPR-Cas9: A History of Its Discovery and Ethical Considerations of Its Use in Genome Editing.
Biochemistry (Mosc)
August 2022
The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
The development of a method for genome editing based on CRISPR-Cas9 technology was awarded The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020, less than a decade after the discovery of all principal molecular components of the system. For the first time in history a Nobel prize was awarded to two women, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, who made key discoveries in the field of DNA manipulation with the CRISPR-Cas9 system, so-called "genetic scissors". It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the technique as it enables one not only to manipulate genomes of model organisms in scientific experiments, and modify characteristics of important crops and animals, but also has the potential of introducing revolutionary changes in medicine, especially in treatment of genetic diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAltered evolution: are reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialists ready for the genetically engineered future?
J Assist Reprod Genet
December 2020
Program in Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
Science, propelled forward by noble aspirations and, at times, human hubris, has the capacity to affect lives and alter the world in unanticipated ways. Even seemingly minor discoveries have repeatedly proven to have far reaching implications that experts within their respective fields could not have predicted. Nuclear technology is both a source of energy and a potential means of annihilation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe American Public Is Ready to Accept Human-Animal Chimera Research.
Stem Cell Reports
October 2020
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
We report findings from a new survey of US public attitudes toward human-animal chimeric embryo (HACE) research, designed to compare with recently reported Japanese survey data. We find that 59% of the US public can personally accept the process of injecting human induced pluripotent stem cells into genetically modified swine embryos and having human tissues produced in a pig's body transplanted into a human. This is greater acceptance than in Japan, and there is even strong acceptance among those with strong religious affiliations and who self-identify as conservatives.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHeritable Genome Editing and the Downsides of a Global Moratorium.
CRISPR J
October 2019
Santa Clara University School of Law, Santa Clara, California.
In 2018, Dr. He Jiankui reported that he had edited human embryos and transferred them to a woman, causing her to give birth to twin girls with modified genomes. An international group of scientists and ethicists responded by proposing a global moratorium on heritable genome editing (HGE).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAfter the fact-the case of CRISPR babies.
Eur J Hum Genet
November 2019
University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
The world has been startled by the irresponsible experiment of He Jiankui, who used CRISPR to genetically modify human embryos. In this viewpoint, we explore the phenomenon of moral luck in medicine and its bearing on the limits of simple judgements of the kind "everything that ends well is well" or "someone broke the rules, and is therefore blameworthy". The risks involved in scientific and medical experiments are often brushed aside, when they turn out well.
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