Acta Astronaut
Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG, Raumfahrt-Infrastruktur, Bremen, Germany.
Published: February 2000
During previous long-term manned missions, more than 100 species of microorganisms have been identified on surfaces of materials (bacteria and fungi). Among them were potentially pathogenic ones (saprophytes) which are capable of active growth on artificial substrates, as well as technophilic bacteria and fungi causing damages (destruction and degradation) to various materials (metals and polymers), resulting in failures and disruptions in the functioning of equipment and hardware. Aboard a space vehicle some microclimatic parameters are optimal for microorganism growth: the atmospheric fluid condensate with its specific composition, chemical and/or anthropogenic contaminants (human metabolic products, etc.) all are stimulating factors for the development of bacteria and mould fungi on materials of the interior and equipment of an orbital station during its operational phase(s). Especially Russian long-term missions (SALYUT, MIR) [correction of SALJUT] have demonstrated that uncontrolled interactions of microorganisms with materials will ultimately lead to the appearance of technological and medical risks, significantly influencing safety and reliability characteristics of individual as well as whole systems and/or subsystems. For a first conclusion, it could be summarized, that countermeasures and anti-strategies focusing on Microbial Contamination Management (MCM) for the International Space Station (ISS, next long-term manned mission) at least require a new materials test approach. Our respective concept includes a combined aging/biocorrosion test sequence. It is represented here, as well as current status of MCM program, e.g. continuous monitoring (microbiological analyses), long-term disinfection, frequent cleaning methods, mathematical modeling of ISS, etc.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(99)00069-7 | DOI Listing |
J Air Waste Manag Assoc
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School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China.
Dust emissions from open-pit mining pose a significant threat to environmental safety and human health. Currently, the range of dust suppressants used in coal mining is limited, often failing to account for their suitability across various stockpiles. This oversight results in poor infiltration after application, leading to insufficient crust formation and reduced durability.
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From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
Background Studies have explored the application of multimodal large language models (LLMs) in radiologic differential diagnosis. Yet, how different multimodal input combinations affect diagnostic performance is not well understood. Purpose To evaluate the impact of varying multimodal input elements on the accuracy of OpenAI's GPT-4 with vision (GPT-4V)-based brain MRI differential diagnosis.
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Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, CA, US.
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Tianjin University, School of Materials science and engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA.
Fe-N-C catalyst is the most promising alternative to platinum catalyst for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), however its high performance cannot be maintained for a long enough time in device. The construction of a new Fe coordination environment that is different from the square-planar Fe-N 4 configuration in Fe-N-C catalyst is expected to break current stability limits, which however remains unexplored. Here, we report the conversion of Fe-N-C to a new FeNxSey catalyst, where the Fe sites are three-dimensionally (3D) co-coordinated by N and Se atoms.
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Department of Metallurgical and Materials Enginerring, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.
The sizes of the basins of attraction on the potential energy surface are helpful indicators in determining the experimental synthesizability of metastable phases. In principle, these basins can be controlled with changes in thermodynamic conditions such as composition, pressure, and surface energy. Herein, we use random structure sampling to computationally study how alloying smoothly perturbs basin of attraction sizes.
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