[The retinoic acid syndrome, a complication of acute promyelocytic leukemia therapy].

Objective: To describe the retinoic acid syndrome, a complication of therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in acute promyelocitic leukemia (APL).

Patients And Methods: Retrospective study of five patients with a morphologic diagnosis of APL by the French-American-British (FAB) classification that were treated for remission induction with ATRA and developed the ATRA syndrome.

Results: Three patients in newly diagnosed APL and two in leukemia relapse were analyzed. All patients received with ATRA 45 mgrs/m2/day, and three of them also received chemotherapy. Patients developed fever, respiratory distress, pulmonary infiltrates, weight gain and edemas. The onset of this symptom complex occurred from 1 to 11 days after starting treatment and was preceded by an increased in peripheral blood leukocytes. Infections or congestive heart failure were ruled out. The clinical course progressed while patients being treated with wide spectrum antibiotics. Four patients were treated with high doses corticosteroid therapy (dexametasone 10 mgrs intravenously every 12 hours), in three of them full recovery was attained and one died. One patient that did not received steroids died.

Conclusions: The use of all-trans retinoic acid to induce hematologic remission in APL patients is associated in same patients with the development of ATRA syndrome, a life threatening complication. Symptoms begin in the first days of treatment. If this syndrome is suspected, early treatment with high dose steroids should be initiated.