On the basis of the preceding discussion and information, it is our conclusion that: 1. Bovine graft A-V fistuals can be created successfully in 87% of those patients who have had a failure of conventional fistuals. 2. Bovine graft A-V fistuals provide easy needle placement. 3. Bovine graft A-V fistuals give excellent access for effective hemodialysis. 4. Bovine graft A-V fistuals do not cause excessive bleeding at the puncture site. 5. Bovine graft A-V fistuals can be used immediately.

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