Animal and clinical studies have shown an acceleration of bone healing by the application of low-intensity ultrasound. The objective of this study was to examine in vitro the influence of low-intensity ultrasound on endochondral ossification of 17-day-old fetal mouse metatarsal rudiments. Forty-six triplets of paired metatarsal rudiments were resected 'en block' and cultured for 7 days with and without low-intensity ultrasound stimulation (30 mw/cm2). At days 1, 3, 5, and 7, the total length of the metatarsal rudiments, as well as the length of the calcified diaphysis were measured. Histology of the tissue was performed to examine its vitality. The increase in length of the calcified diaphysis during 7 days of culture was significantly higher in the ultrasound-treated rudiments compared to the untreated controls (P = 0.006). The growth of the control diaphysis was 180 +/- 30 microm (mean +/- SEM), while the growth of the ultrasound-treated diaphysis was 530 +/- 120 microm. The total length of the metatarsal rudiments was not affected by ultrasound treatment. Histology revealed a healthy condition of both ultrasound-treated and control rudiments. In conclusion, low-intensity ultrasound treatment stimulated endochondral ossification of fetal mouse metatarsal rudiments. This might be due to stimulation of activity and/or differentiation of osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Our results support the hypothesis that low-intensity ultrasound activates ossification via a direct effect on osteoblasts and ossifying cartilage.
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