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Nuclear growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) reduces the binding of the mothers' against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) complex to its DNA-binding elements. However, the stimuli that control this process are unknown. Here, we examined whether saturated fatty acids (FA), particularly palmitate, regulate nuclear GDF15 levels and the activation of the SMAD3 pathway in human skeletal myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle, where most insulin-stimulated glucose use occurs in the whole organism.

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Human liver organoids (HLOs) derived from pluripotent stem cells hold potential for disease modeling and high-throughput compound screening due to their architectural and functional resemblance to human liver tissues. However, reproducible, scale-up production of HLOs for high-throughput screening (HTS) presents challenges. These include the high costs of additives and growth factors required for cell differentiation, variability in organoid size and function from batch to batch, suboptimal maturity of HLOs compared to primary hepatocytes, and low assay throughput due to excessive manual processes and the absence of assay-ready plates with HLOs.

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Although glucosamine (GlcN) exhibits antitumor effects, its mechanism of action remains controversial. Additionally, its impact on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of GlcN and its underlying mechanism in a mouse HCC cell line, Hepa1-6.

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