Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha plays a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock syndrome, and myocardial TNF-alpha expression may contribute to this pathophysiology. We examined the myocardial expression of TNF-alpha-related cytokines and chemokines in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tested the effects of anti-TNF therapy on myocardial cytokine expression. Cytokine mRNA levels were measured by RNase protection assay, and protein levels in the plasma and myocardium were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. LPS (4 microg/g body wt ip) induced marked cytokine expression, including TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, in both the plasma and myocardium. Pretreatment with adenovirus-mediated TNF receptor fusion protein (AdTNFR1; 10(9) plaque-forming units iv) decreased plasma cytokine levels. In contrast, whereas myocardial IL-1beta expression was also suppressed, expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 was not inhibited by AdTNFR1. In summary, anti-TNF treatment differentially altered the cytokine expression in the plasma and myocardium during endotoxemia. Inability to block myocardial expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 suggests a possible mechanism for the failure of anti-TNF therapies in the treatment of endotoxin shock.
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