Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
The heat-stable toxin (ST) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains causes diarrhoea by altering the fluid secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. Here, the effectiveness of a flagellin fusion protein of Salmonella containing a 19-amino-acid sequence derived from the ST sequence (FLA--ST) in generating antibodies capable of neutralizing the toxic activity of ST was evaluated. This fusion protein, and an alternative construction where two cysteine residues in the ST sequence were substituted by alanines (ST(mt)), were delivered to the immune system by three distinct strategies: (i) orally, using an attenuated Salmonella strain expressing FLA--ST; (ii) intraperitoneally, by injection of purified FLA--ST; (iii) orally, using attenuated Salmonella carrying a eukaryotic expression plasmid (pCDNA3) with the gene encoding FLA-ST. The results showed that the flagellin system can be used as a carrier to generate ST-neutralizing antibodies. However, it should be mentioned that humoral immune response against ST was only obtained when the mutated ST sequence was employed. FLA-ST was found to be non-immunogenic when delivered via the oral route with attenuated Salmonella strains. However, a flagellin antibody response was obtained by immunizing mice with Salmonella carrying pCDNA3/FLA-ST(mt). Oral immunization with Salmonella carrying the eukaryotic expression plasmid (pCDNA3/FLA--ST(mt)) seems to be a promising method to elicit an appropriate response against fusions to flagellin.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-4-861 | DOI Listing |
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