Candidate target mechanisms of the growth inhibitor cyromazine: studies of phenylalanine hydroxylase, puparial amino acids, and dihydrofolate reductase in dipteran insects.

Cyromazine, an insect growth regulator, affects larval and pupal cuticles in dipterans and some other insects. The mode of action of this aminotriazine is not known yet, though it has been shown not to inhibit the synthesis of chitin and cuticular proteins. Cyromazine may, however, act on some step(s) of sclerotization of the cuticle. In the present study, we have analyzed the key enzyme for the production of sclerotization agents, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), using the enzyme from Drosophila, a cyromazine-sensitive insect. PAH was studied in vitro with cyromazine and three biologically less active derivatives at concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 1 mM. None of the compounds did significantly affect PAH activity. Nor did cyromazine, fed to last instar larvae of Musca domestica, change the relative content of phenylalanine and tyrosine, or the total amount and profile of amino acids of puparial cuticles, which showed a larviform shape typical for cyromazine intoxication. Taken together, this study does not support the hypothesis that phenylalanine hydroxylase represents a target site of cyromazine. In additional studies, the conflicting results, as reported by others, on in vitro inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) by cyromazine were re-examined using the enzymes from larvae of the blowfly, Protophormia terraenovae, and from hen liver. There was no significant inhibition of either DHFR at 100 microM by cyromazine as well as by dicylanil, a pyrimidine analog that is biologically more active than cyromazine. In conclusion, the mode of action of cyromazine remains completely open.