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Background: Invasion of the chest wall per se is not a contraindication for tumor resection in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), provided there is no mediastinal lymph node or vital structure involvement. Although widely known to Brazilian surgeons, the 'resection in bird cage' technique has never been widely studied in terms of patient survival. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the postoperative consequences and overall survival of extra-musculoperiosteal resection compared with en-bloc resection in NSCLC patients with invasion of the endothoracic fascia.

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The role of thoracoplasty in the management of empyema complicating pneumonectomy is controversial because alternative techniques, such as pedicled muscle transplants or open-space sterilization, have now replaced the conventional collapse procedures. Among 46 patients treated for postpneumonectomy empyema during the years 1975 to 1984, 17 underwent space-reducing thoracoplasty as the final step in pleural space management. Technical considerations, critical in the success of the operation, were: (a) single-stage extramusculoperiosteal resection of the second to the seventh rib, (b) sparing of the first rib to maintain integrity of the neck and shoulder girdle, (c) intercostal muscle closure of large fistulas and (d) adequate drainage of pleural and extrapleural spaces.

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