An ultrastructural study of nuage-mitochondria complexes in spermatogonia of the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina, was carried out. Release of mitochondrial contents into the cytoplasm was observed. The mitochondrial derivatives persisted as cristae-containing globules of friable material that subsequently contacted and integrated with nuage. The present ultrastructural findings agree with the results of other researchers who proposed that germ plasm substance probably produced by the nucleus is supplemented by the mitochondrial genome.
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FEBS J
December 2024
Laboratory of Germline Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
Discovered two decades ago, PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are crucial for silencing transposable elements (TEs) in animal gonads, thereby protecting the germline genome from harmful transposition, and ensuring species continuity. Silencing of TEs is achieved through transcriptional and post-transcriptional suppression by piRNAs and the PIWI clade of Argonaute proteins within non-membrane structured organelle. These structures are composed of proteins involved in piRNA processing, including PIWIs and other proteins by distinct functional motifs such as the Tudor domain, LOTUS, and intrinsic disordered regions (IDRs).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Rev Genet
November 2024
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Germ cells are the only cells in the body capable of giving rise to a new organism, and this totipotency hinges on their ability to assemble membraneless germ granules. These specialized RNA and protein complexes are hallmarks of germ cells throughout their life cycle: as embryonic germ granules in late oocytes and zygotes, Balbiani bodies in immature oocytes, and nuage in maturing gametes. Decades of developmental, genetic and biochemical studies have identified protein and RNA constituents unique to germ granules and have implicated these in germ cell identity, genome integrity and gamete differentiation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS Biol
April 2023
Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America.
Compartmentalization of RNAs and proteins into membraneless structures called granules is a ubiquitous mechanism for organizing and regulating cohorts of RNAs. Germ granules are ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assemblies required for germline development across the animal kingdom, but their regulatory roles in germ cells are not fully understood. We show that after germ cell specification, Drosophila germ granules enlarge through fusion and this growth is accompanied by a shift in function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFElife
November 2021
Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Columbus, United States.
The germ line produces gametes that transmit genetic and epigenetic information to the next generation. Maintenance of germ cells and development of gametes require germ granules-well-conserved membraneless and RNA-rich organelles. The composition of germ granules is elusive owing to their dynamic nature and their exclusive expression in the germ line.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMol Cell
March 2015
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK. Electronic address:
Cells chemically isolate molecules in compartments to both facilitate and regulate their interactions. In addition to membrane-encapsulated compartments, cells can form proteinaceous and membraneless organelles, including nucleoli, Cajal and PML bodies, and stress granules. The principles that determine when and why these structures form have remained elusive.
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