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Dense-core vesicles contain exosomes in secretory cells.
Biophys J
January 2025
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. Electronic address:
Dense-core vesicles (DCVs) are found in various types of cells, such as neurons, pancreatic β-cells, and chromaffin cells. These vesicles release transmitters, peptides, and hormones to regulate diverse functions, such as the stress response, immune response, behavior, and blood glucose levels. In traditional electron microscopy after chemical fixation, it is often reported that the dense cores occupy a portion of the vesicle towards the center and are surrounded by a clear halo.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnlabelled: All eukaryotes utilize regulated secretion to release molecular signals packaged in secretory granules for local and remote signaling. An anion shunt conductance was first suggested in secretory granules of bovine chromaffin cells nearly five decades ago. Biochemical identity of this conductance remains undefined.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Neural crest cells (NCCs) are migratory embryonic stem cells that give rise to a diverse set of cell types. Here we describe the dynamic distribution of NCCs in developing embryos of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis inferred from 10 markers. Our aim is to provide insights into the NCC development of lacertid lizards and to infer evolutionary modifications by comparisons to other tetrapods.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe bone Gla protein osteocalcin is expressed in cranial neural crest cells.
BMC Res Notes
November 2024
Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
Background: Osteocalcin is a small protein abundant in the bone extracellular-matrix, that serves as a marker for mature osteoblasts. To become activated, osteocalcin undergoes a specific post-translational carboxylation. Osteocalcin is expressed at advanced stages of embryogenesis and after birth, when bone formation takes place.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRGS Proteins in Sympathetic Nervous System Regulation: Focus on Adrenal RGS4.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)
October 2024
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Davie/Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
Article Synopsis
- The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) includes neurons that release norepinephrine (NE) for local organ control and adrenal chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine (Epi) into the bloodstream for broader physiological effects.
- G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins, particularly RGS4, play crucial roles in modulating NE release and catecholamine secretion.
- Recent studies suggest that manipulating RGS4 may offer new treatments for conditions like heart failure and hypertension, where SNS activity is disrupted.
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