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Introduction: Exogenous and endogenous sex hormones, especially Progesterone agonists, may be causally linked to meningioma progression. Cessation of treatment leads to stabilization or regression of Progestin-induced meningioma. In many cases, avoiding sex hormone therapy may be possible in the context of meningioma treatment.

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The placenta is a unique organ with various immunological and endocrinological roles that modulate maternal and fetal physiology to promote maternal-fetal tolerance, pregnancy maintenance, and parturition at term. During pregnancy, the hormone prolactin (PRL) is constitutively secreted by the placenta and is necessary for implantation, progesterone support, fetal development, and overall immune modulation. While PRL is essential for pregnancy, studies suggest that elevated levels of serum PRL (hyperprolactinemia) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm birth, and preeclampsia.

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Purpose: Pregnancy induces significant metabolic, immunological, and endocrinological changes to support fetal growth. The 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is standard for gestational diabetes screening, but concerns exist about its potential to induce oxidative stress, affecting both maternal and fetal health. The aim of the study is examining changes in oxidative stress markers and thiol/disulfide homeostasis in pregnant women to evaluate these concerns.

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Ovulation is a vital sign, as significant as body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, in assessing overall health and identifying potential health issues. Ovulation is a key event of the menstrual cycle that provides insights into the hormonal and reproductive health aspects. Affected by the orchestra of hormones, namely thyroid, prolactin, and androgens, disruptions in ovulation can indicate endocrinological conditions and lead to gynecological problems, such as heavy menstrual bleeding, irregular periods, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and difficulties in getting pregnant.

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