Experimental data obtained in our laboratory from studies of intracellular signals arising within nerve cells during excitation are summarized. Measurements of transmembrane ion currents in conditions of fixed membrane potential and intracellular free Ca ion concentrations, using fluorescent probes, yielded the time and spatial characteristics of transient elevations in the Ca concentration (the "calcium signal") in various types of mouse and rat neurons. These studies showed that intracellular structures-the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-had significant roles in forming these signals; these structures can take up Ca from the cytosol and liberate Ca into the cytosol; the contribution of these processes was extremely variable, depending on the internal organization of different functional types of neurons.
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