We examined the increase in immunogold labeling of variably fixed, resin embedded tissue sections following antigen retrieval by heating in citrate solution. Fibrin clots and porcine renal tissue were fixed in glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde or ethanol, and specimens were embedded in LR-White or epoxy resin. Immunogold labeling was performed on ultra-thin sections with anti-fibrinogen for the fibrin clots and anti-IgG for the porcine renal tissue. Immunogold labeling increased greatly after heating epoxy sections regardless of the fixative used. The ratio labeling(retrieved)/labeling(nonretrieved) (Lr/Ln) was 2.8 or higher, and the largest increases were obtained for anti-IgG. Heating induced a large increase of immunolabeling for LR-White sections only when the specimens had been fixed in paraformaldehyde (Lr/Ln = 2.2 for anti-IgG and 1.4 for antifibrinogen). LR-White sections showed decreased, insignificant or weakly increased immunolabeling of ethanol or glutaraldehyde fixed tissues following antigen retrieval. Disruption of aldehyde cross-links is not the only mechanism for antigen retrieval when epoxy sections are heated in citrate solution since large increases in immunolabeling were obtained on ethanol fixed tissue. The large heat-induced increases in immunolabeling on epoxy sections are probably caused by the disruption of chemical bonds between the epoxy resin and side groups of proteins.
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