Trends in veterinary clinical and fundamental pharmacology: past and future in The Netherlands.

Veterinary pharmacology has undergone a gradual development in the Netherlands during this century. Starting from a historical perspective the paper aims to provide an overview of future trends and important issues in the area of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology. It is pointed out that this discipline comprises several subdisciplines as the comparative aspect of both, pharmacology and toxicology, is inherent to veterinary medicine which has to address a broad variety of animal species. Thus, the comparison of drug effects, side effects, and drug disposition as well as the comparison of the species-specific susceptibility to xenobiotics are obvious challenges in this discipline. Several areas in clinical pharmacology are highlighted to indicate future research needs. Finally, the principles of Good Veterinary Practice are presented as the 'golden standard' in veterinary clinical pharmacology.