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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.17.1.76-a | DOI Listing |
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Nonivamide inhibits proliferation of human corneal epithelial cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress.
Toxicology
December 2023
State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China. Electronic address:
Nonivamide, an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), is widely used as a riot control agent, police incapacitant spray and pesticide. Although generally considered non-fatal, eye discomfort and even ocular injuries caused by such products are common. Little research has been conducted on the effects of nonivamide on corneal epithelial cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe use of TASER devices in UK policing: an update for clinicians following the recent introduction of the TASER 7.
Emerg Med J
February 2023
DSTL, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Taser was introduced into UK policing in 2003 to bridge the operational gap between use of incapacitant sprays and firearms. Use of force reporting in the UK indicates that Taser is relatively safe provided that it is used lawfully. Taser use can result in injuries and has been implicated in a small number of deaths.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEffects of incapacitant spray deployed in the restraint and arrest of detainees in the Metropolitan Police Service area, London, UK: a prospective study.
Forensic Sci Med Pathol
March 2014
Cameron Forensic Medical Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1, UK,
Purpose: In the United Kingdom (UK) police restraint and control of detainees is undertaken by assorted means. Two types of incapacitant spray (IS) are approved by the UK Home Office for use: CS (o-chlorobenzylidine malononitrile, dissolved in an organic solvent--methyl iso-butyl ketone and pelargonic acid vanillyamide (PAVA). The aim of this study was to document the effects of incapacitant sprays, by symptom assessment and medical examination, within a few hours of deployment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTrends in less-lethal use of force techniques by police services within England and Wales: 2007-2011.
Forensic Sci Med Pathol
March 2014
Cameron Forensic Medical Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1, UK,
The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of, and any changes in, usage patterns of the less-lethal forms of Use of Force (UoF) modalities--incapacitant spray, impact rounds, and Taser(R)--between 2007 and 2011 by English and Welsh police services. Additional information regarding the deployment and discharge of firearms was also sought. Two thousand Freedom of Information Act applications were made to 50 police services in England and Wales and related jurisdictions requesting the provision of: (a) the total number of deployments of incapacitant sprays, Taser(R), impact (baton) rounds, and armed response units (ARU); (b) the numbers and types of any resulting medical complications; and (c) the details of any local policies requiring assessment by a healthcare professional following a deployment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnintended cutaneous reactions to CS spray.
Contact Dermatitis
July 2005
St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
CS spray (2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 5% w/v in methyl isobutyl ketone) has been used by the police force in the UK as an incapacitant for nearly a decade. It causes a number of well-recognized cutaneous reactions, which are generally regarded as short-lived. These include skin burning, erythema and blistering.
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