Using in situ hybridization with an X and Y chromosome probe mixture, 106 bone marrow samples from 38 patients with malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases who received sex-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants (PCT) in a single institution within short-term intervals (1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and >24 months) have been sequentially studied. The patients received either HLA-identical (n = 31) or non-identical (n = 7) PCT. Twenty-six children showed donor chimerism, 10 children showed mixed chimerism (MC) and two children presented autologous reconstitution. Chimerism status with different parameters has been related (age, sex, donor, disease status before PCT, conditioning regimen, GVHD prophylaxis, relapse, GVHD and survival). Our results indicate that female patients (P = 0.011) and a less intensive conditioning regimen (P = 0.039) are significantly associated with the MC status. Mixed chimerism is not, per se, significantly associated with leukemia relapse but an increase of the MC is indicative of clinical relapse.
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