The endocrinology of aging.

Physiologic systems have substantial reserves in younger individuals. The process of aging and intercurrent pathologic processes gradually eliminate these reserves. Changes in endocrine systems, including menopause in women, androgen deficiency in men, loss of skeletal mass, decrease in growth hormone serum concentrations, and increased incidence of type 2 diabetes are all more common or certain in older individuals. This review summarizes the progression of each of these processes with age, the potential outcomes of the untreated process, and the treatment outcomes for these age-related losses. Maintenance of a premenopausal lipid profile presumably protects against cardiovascular events. Maintenance of skeletal mass reduces fracture risk and risk for loss of mobility and independence. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal older men improves strength and presumably function and independence. Growth hormone therapy is reported to have similar effects. Improvement of long-term outcomes in older type 2 diabetics, however, is more difficult to demonstrate.