The recent deciphering of the protein composition of the synaptic vesicle membrane has led to the unexpected identification of a compartment of electron-lucent microvesicles in neuroendocrine cells which resemble neuronal synaptic vesicles in terms of molecular structure and function. These vesicles are generally referred to as synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) and have been most intensively studied in pancreatic beta-cells, chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, and pinealocytes of the pineal gland. This chapter focuses on the present knowledge of SLMVs as now well-established constituents of mammalian pinealocytes. I review the results of morphological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical studies that were important for the characterization of this novel population of secretory vesicles in the pineal organ. The emerging concept that SLMVs serve as a device for intercellular communication within the pineal gland is outlined, and unanswered questions such as those pertaining to the physiological function and regulation of pineal SLMVs are discussed.
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