Large-scale cultivation of cells in closed systems: stationary and moving.

Basic metabolic differences have been observed for cell cultures propagated in conventional stationary or rotating systems. The influence of these differences on virus characteristics is largely unknown but could be significant in maintenance of genetic stability of attenuated strains. Current requirements for good manufacturing procedures prompted the development of closed systems for both stationary and rotating cultures. Both are suitable for large-scale virus production. The methods will be described along with data on yields of a number of vaccine viruses.