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Methane emissions from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks.
Nature
January 2025
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
The amount of methane released to the atmosphere from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks remains uncertain, as reflected in a wide range of estimates. A lack of information regarding the temporal variation in atmospheric emissions has made it challenging to reconcile pipeline volumetric (bottom-up) estimates with measurement-based (top-down) estimates. Here we simulate pipeline rupture emission rates and integrate these with methane dissolution and sea-surface outgassing estimates to model the evolution of atmospheric emissions from the leaks.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInterlaboratory comparison of particle filtration efficiency testing equipment.
J Occup Environ Hyg
January 2025
Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Particle filtration efficiency (PFE) is a critical property of face masks, with the most common test methods using sodium chloride as a challenge aerosol. In the absence of bottom-up uncertainty budgets for PFE, interlaboratory comparisons provide an alternative route to robustly quantify the precision and bias of the method. This work presents the results of several interlaboratory comparisons of particle filtration efficiency performed across a network of laboratories.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProjections of Public Spending on Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Methods.
Pharmacoeconomics
January 2025
Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre, Brussels, Belgium.
Background: Forecasting future public pharmaceutical expenditure is a challenge for healthcare payers, particularly owing to the unpredictability of new market introductions and their economic impact. No best-practice forecasting methods have been established so far. The literature distinguishes between the top-down approach, based on historical trends, and the bottom-up approach, using a combination of historical and horizon scanning data.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLow latency carbon budget analysis reveals a large decline of the land carbon sink in 2023.
Natl Sci Rev
December 2024
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, University Paris Saclay CEA CNRS, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France.
In 2023, the CO growth rate was 3.37 ± 0.11 ppm at Mauna Loa, which was 86% above that of the previous year and hit a record high since observations began in 1958, while global fossil fuel CO emissions only increased by 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSafety Net Spending on Children and the Sources of Household Income Across U.S. States, 1997-2016.
Demography
December 2024
Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
High levels of poverty and economic precarity in the United States relative to other countries have led to academic and policy debates about whether welfare state investments accomplish what they are intended to. Although social safety net spending clearly has antipoverty effects at the national level, there is scant evidence on the "resource pathway" presumed to underlie the effects of the local welfare state on families with children. Which types of public investments have especially contributed to the total resources of households with children? Understanding this question at the state level is important, given dramatic variation in states' safety net spending on children and the rise of federalism, which increases state autonomy in designing and administering social programs.
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