In a case-control study performed in an area of former coal, iron, and steel industries, the professional and lifestyle histories of 412 male urothelial bladder cancer inpatients (cases) and 414 inpatients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (controls) were investigated. Smoking habits were identified as the main confounder for occupational bladder cancer risk. Two hundred and forty (58.3%) of the bladder cancer inpatients and 146 (35.3%) of the inpatients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were smokers. The percentage of ex-smokers in the bladder cancer cases was 10.2%; the percentage of ex-smokers in the controls was 9.7%. Smoking-adjusted Mantel-Haenszel estimates of the odds ratios (OR&infMH;) for bladder cancer were elevated in underground hard-coal miners (OR&infMH; =2. 54, 95% CI =[1.64; 3.93]), chemical workers (OR&infMH; =2.16, 95% CI =[0.87; 5.38]), painters/varnishers (OR&infMH; = 2.42, 95% CI =[1. 05; 5.57]), technicians (OR&infMH; = 1.99, 95% CI =[0.95; 4.16]), and foundry workers (OR&infMH; = 2.22, 95% CI = [0.53; 9.08]). Administrative officers had significantly lower smoking-adjusted odds ratios (OR&infMH; = 0.61, 95% CI = [0.42; 0.88]). Although statistically not significant, the results of the Breslow-Day test of homogeneity of the odds ratios over the strata are compatible with interactions between tobacco smoking and the occupations of underground hard-coal miners (chi(2)&infBD; = 4.91, p=0.07) and chemical workers (chi(2)&infBR; = 3.32, p=0.06).
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