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Concentrations and origins of ultrafine particles at a major European harbor.
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The maritime transport sector poses significant air quality concerns, particularly in nearby cities. Ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) are of particular concern due to their potential health impacts. This study measured particle number concentrations (PNC), size distributions (PNSD), and other pollutants including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO), black carbon (BC), sulfur dioxide (SO) and ozone (O), organic markers and trace elements at a major European harbor and an urban background (UB) location.
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