Describing and characterizing the gene family across plant species: a systematic review.

Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-likes (WAKLs) are transmembrane pectin receptors which have seen rising interest in recent years due to their roles in stress responses and developmental pathways. Consequently, the genes encoding these proteins are continuously identified, described and characterised across a wide variety of plant species. The primary goal of characterizing these genes is to classify, describe and infer cellular function, mostly through methods.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the white root rot pathogen (Xylariaceae: Xylariales).

The mitochondrial genome of is 121,350 base pairs in length with a G + C content of 30.19%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that grouped with other members of the Xylariaceae, with which its mitogenome also shares a broadly similar architecture and gene content.

Identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi CRN effectors and their roles in manipulating cell death during Persea americana infection.

The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a devastating plant pathogen with a notably broad host range. It is the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR), arguably the most economically important yield-limiting disease in Persea americana (avocado). Despite this, our understanding of the mechanisms P.

Comparative transcriptional analysis of Persea americana MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors following Phytophthora cinnamomi infection.

Plant cells undergo extensive transcriptional reprogramming following pathogen infection, with these reprogramming patterns becoming more complex when pathogens, such as hemibiotrophs, exhibit different lifestyles. These transcriptional changes are often orchestrated by MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs), which modulate both growth and defence-related gene expression. Transcriptional analysis of defence-related genes in avocado (Persea americana) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi indicated differential immune response activation when comparing a partially resistant and susceptible rootstock.

Effects of Exogenous Application of Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid on the Physiological and Molecular Response of 'Dusa' Avocado to .

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) are important in mediating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. MeJA and SA can act as elicitors by triggering plant defense responses similar to those induced by pathogens and may even provide long-term protection against them. Thus, exogenous application of MeJA and SA could protect susceptible avocado plants against white root rot (WRR) disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus , one of the main diseases affecting avocado orchards.

Unmasking the invaders: NLR-mal function in plant defense.

Plants possess an arsenal of immune receptors to allow for numerous tiers of defense against pathogen attack. These immune receptors can be located either in the nucleocytoplasm or on the plant cell surface. gene clusters have recently gained momentum owing to their robustness and malleability in adapting to recognize pathogens.

The expression of the NPR1-dependent defense response pathway genes in Persea americana (Mill.) following infection with Phytophthora cinnamomi.

A plant's defense against pathogens involves an extensive set of phytohormone regulated defense signaling pathways. The salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway is one of the most well-studied in plant defense. The bulk of SA-related defense gene expression and the subsequent establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is dependent on the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1).

Distribution, causal agents, and infection dynamic of emerging ink disease of sweet chestnut in Southern Switzerland.

Emerging diseases caused by both native and exotic pathogens represent a main threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. The two invasive soilborne pathogens Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora × cambivora are the causal agents of ink disease, which has been threatening Castanea sativa in Europe for several centuries and seems to be re-emerging in recent years. Here, we investigated the distribution, causal agents, and infection dynamics of ink disease in southern Switzerland.

Transcriptomics Advancement in the Complex Response of Plants to Viroid Infection.

Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens, consisting of a single-stranded circular RNA of less than 500 ribonucleotides in length. Despite their noncoding nature, viroids elicit disease symptoms in many economically important plant hosts, and are, thus, a class of pathogens of great interest. How these viroids establish disease within host plants, however, is not yet fully understood.

Differing Responses to Infection in Susceptible and Partially Resistant (Mill.) Rootstocks: A Case for the Role of Receptor-Like Kinases and Apoplastic Proteases.

The hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Rands is the most devastating pathogen of avocado ( Mill.) and, as such, causes significant annual losses in the industry. Although the molecular basis of resistance in avocado and virulence determinants have been the subject of recent research, none have yet attempted to compare the transcriptomic responses of both pathogen and host during their interaction.

Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Infection.

Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens-especially members of the genus . spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants.

The Ups and Downs of Plant Expression During Pathogen Infection.

Plant Nucleotide binding-Leucine rich repeat (NLR) proteins play a significant role in pathogen detection and the activation of effector-triggered immunity. NLR regulation has mainly been studied at a protein level, with large knowledge gaps remaining regarding the transcriptional control of genes. The mis-regulation of gene expression may lead to the inability of plants to recognize pathogen infection, lower levels of immune response activation, and ultimately plant susceptibility.

The Identification and Characterization of Endopolygalacturonases in a South African Isolate of .

is an economically important plant pathogen that has caused devastating losses to the avocado industry worldwide. To facilitate penetration and successful colonization of the host plant, pathogens have been reported to secrete polygalacturonases (PGs). Although a large PG gene family has been reported in , in-depth bioinformatics analyses and characterization of these genes is still lacking.

Partially Resistant Avocado Rootstock Dusa Shows Prolonged Upregulation of Genes in Response to Infection.

Avocado is an important agricultural food crop in many countries worldwide. , a hemibiotrophic oomycete, remains one of the most devastating pathogens within the avocado industry, as it is near impossible to eradicate from areas where the pathogen is present. A key aspect to Phytophthora root rot disease management is the use of avocado rootstocks partially resistant to , which demonstrates an increased immune response following infection.

Population Genetic Analyses of Reveals Three Lineages and Movement Between Natural Vegetation and Avocado Orchards in South Africa.

is the causal agent of root rot, canker, and dieback of thousands of plant species around the globe. This oomycete not only causes severe economic losses to forestry and agricultural industries, but also threatens the health of various plants in natural ecosystems. In this study, 380 isolates of from four avocado production areas and two regions of natural vegetation in South Africa were investigated using 15 microsatellite markers.

Efficacy of Potential Control Agents Against and Their Physiological Impact on Avocado.

is the causal agent of white root rot (WRR), a fatal disease affecting many woody plants, including avocado (). As with other root diseases, an integrated approach is required to control WRR. No fully effective control methods are available, and no chemical or biological agents against have been registered for use on avocado in South Africa.

Physiological and Molecular Responses of 'Dusa' Avocado Rootstock to Water Stress: Insights for Drought Adaptation.

Avocado consumption is increasing year by year, and its cultivation has spread to many countries with low water availability, which threatens the sustainability and profitability of avocado orchards. However, to date, there is not much information on the behavior of commercial avocado rootstocks against drought. The aim of this research was to evaluate the physiological and molecular responses of 'Dusa' avocado rootstock to different levels of water stress.

Expression of several Phytophthora cinnamomi putative RxLRs provides evidence for virulence roles in avocado.

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes Phytophthora root rot of avocado (PRR). Currently, there is a limited understanding of the molecular interactions underlying this disease. Other Phytophthora species employ an arsenal of effector proteins to manipulate host physiology, of which the RxLR effectors contribute to virulence by interfering with host immune responses.

Genome of the destructive oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi provides insights into its pathogenicity and adaptive potential.

Background: Phytophthora cinnamomi is an oomycete pathogen of global relevance. It is considered as one of the most invasive species, which has caused irreversible damage to natural ecosystems and horticultural crops. There is currently a lack of a high-quality reference genome for this species despite several attempts that have been made towards sequencing its genome.

Advances in Understanding Defense Mechanisms in Against .

Avocado () is an economically important fruit crop world-wide, the production of which is challenged by notable root pathogens such as and . Arguably the most prevalent, , is a hemibiotrophic oomycete which causes Phytophthora root rot, leading to reduced yields and eventual tree death. Despite its' importance, the development of molecular tools and resources have been historically limited, prohibiting significant progress toward understanding this important host-pathogen interaction.

The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) and Related Family: Mechanistic Insights in Plant Disease Resistance.

The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) and related NPR1-like proteins are a functionally similar, yet surprisingly diverse family of transcription co-factors. Initially, NPR1 in was identified as a positive regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), paralogs NPR3 and NPR4 were later shown to be negative SAR regulators. The mechanisms involved have been the subject of extensive research and debate over the years, during which time a lot has been uncovered.

Rosellinia necatrix infection induces differential gene expression between tolerant and susceptible avocado rootstocks.

Rosellinia necatrix is the causal agent of avocado white root rot (WRR). Control of this soil-borne disease is difficult, and the use of tolerant rootstocks may present an effective method to lessen its impact. To date, no studies on the molecular mechanisms regulating the avocado plant response towards this pathogen have been undertaken.

Transcriptome analysis of an incompatible Persea americana-Phytophthora cinnamomi interaction reveals the involvement of SA- and JA-pathways in a successful defense response.

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Pc) is a hemibiotrophic oomycete and the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of the commercially important fruit crop avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Plant defense against pathogens is modulated by phytohormone signaling pathways such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), auxin and abscisic acid.

Generation of composite Persea americana (Mill.) (avocado) plants: A proof-of-concept-study.

Avocado (Persea americana (Mill.)), an important commercial fruit, is severely affected by Phytophthora Root Rot in areas where the pathogen is prevalent. However, advances in molecular research are hindered by the lack of a high-throughput transient transformation system in this non-model plant.