The connection between endourological procedures and occurrence of urinary infections.

Introduction: Endoscopic surgery and endourological procedures imply the use of special instruments that are introduced into the urinary system through the urethra and percutaneous techniques that allow ante grade access to the urinary tract. The risk of urinary tract infection after endourological procedures and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for these procedures is a question about which there is no unique opinion.

Goal: The objective of this study was to determine the connection between endourological procedures and occurrence of urinary infections and to analyze the risk factors of urinary infection for patients who were hospitalized at the Urology Clinic of the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo (CCUS).

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from inpatients and outpatients urine samples.

Antibacterial resistance is generally regarded as a public health problem, not only in local terms, but also worldwide. The objective of this research work would be to analyze inpatient's and outpatient's antimicrobial resistance to a set of various agents. The patients have been medically treated in the region of Ze-do canton since 2005 until today.

Genetic characterisation of rabies virus isolates in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Serotyping of five rabies virus isolates with monoclonal anti-nucleoprotein antibodies for classical rabies virus and rabies-related viruses and phylogenetic relationships among sequences indicate that viruses circulating in population of animals in Bosnia and Herzegovina belong to the sero-genotype 1 of classical rabies virus. Phylogenetic relationships among sequences of our viruses have shown the presence of two phylogenetic lines, one which is present in the northwestern part and other which is present in the northeastern part of the country. Our viruses are closely related to Westeuropean isolates of rabies virus.

[Epidemiological variation of Q-fever in Zenica Doboj Canton during period 2000-2005].

After the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina there is a sudden increase in number of infected with the Q-fever, which becomes huge public health and economic problem. Although this disease occurred in very different geographic areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina the Zenica-Doboj Canton was among the most affected. Infections of Q-fever at the Zenica-Doboj Canton represent very complex epidemiology problem, because it is in highest incidence rates not only for Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also for Europe.

Epidemiology of the viral hepatitis A at the Zenica municipality ara in period from 1987 until 2003.

Viral hepatitis A is an endemic disease with periodic epidemics, or sporadic cases within endemic areas. It is present in a majority of world countries, more often in undeveloped ones. In our country it occurs occasionally, so it still cannot be considered as solved problem.

[Role of rotavirus non-structural protein 4 in causing of acute gastroenteritis].

Rotaviruses belong to the family Reoviridae, genus Rotavirus with several types that are important for human and animal medicine. Rotavirus genome is consisted of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA, which code the synthesis of structural (VP) and non-structural proteins (NSP). The virus genome is enclosed in the three-layer capsid.

Human Coxiella burnetii infections in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2002.

Acute infections in humans and animals caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) are becoming an important medical problem for Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). From a clinical and epidemiological aspect, Q fever represents a complex medical problem, considering that one of the highest incidence rates of Q fever in Europe has been recorded during the last few years in B&H.

Eradication of typhus exanthematicus in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Typhus exanthematicus in Bosnia and Herzegovina held in endemic areas from which especially quickly began spread after 1945. That year, in 1945, one hundred epidemics of typhus fever appeared, with the highest incidence rate in Europe of 215.04 per 1,000.

Brucella melitensis: review of the human infection case.

During the last several years, brucellosis has become an important public-health problem on a large territory part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The disease belongs to the zoonosis group, and can be caused by several bacterium species from Brucella genus. For human and veterinarian medicine, B.

[Agglutination as screening test in routine diagnostic of listeriosis].

Introduction: The persons with weakened immunity, newborn infants and pregnant women are very much sensitive on infection with bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria can readily invade the placenta and precipitate premature labor and fetal death. To confirm diagnosis is very difficult because listeriosis is disease very similar to the others acute diseases.

Listeria monocytogenes as the possible cause of the spontanous abortion in female of the fertile age.

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, weakly pathogenic bacterium able to grow also at the temperature of 40 degrees C. A man most often gets affected by consuming contaminated food and water. Animals can carry bacteria although they have not to appear ill, then their meat and milk products are the source of infection of human being.

Serotesting of human brucellosis on wider area of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The study involved 286 individuals from different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose sera were tested in the Laboratory for specific diagnosis of human brucellosis in Microbiology Department of Medical Faculty of University in Sarajevo, during the period from 2000. to 2003. Sera were tested using Brucelloslide Test, qualitative agglutination test Rose Bengal.

[Viruses in water].

The article elaborates the significance of water, which is necessary for the maintenance of an organism and specifies its daily needs in human beings. Reference data on the early isolations of viruses from sewage water and modern understanding on the occurring virus species are listed. The article considers virus survival in sewage and flowing water and other fresh and marine water systems as well as marine silt or fruit.

[Enfuvirtide, mechanism of action and pharmacological properties].

Enfuvirtide is a new class of antiviral drug, fusion inhibitors, which interferate with penetration of HIV-1 in the cells. Enfuvirtide exhibits potent and selective inhibition of membrane of viral and cells. It specifically inhibits the function of the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein of HIV-1.

[Listeria monocytogenes in women of reproductive age].

Objective: Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is gram-positive bacteria linear shaped which grows good also at refrigerator temperature (4 degrees C). The bacteria is resistant on high and low temperatures. This bacteria can be found in the dirt, rotted vegetation, vegetables and fruit, milk and dairy products, and also in the meat and processed meat.

[Epidemiological investigations transmisssion of Q fever among humans in Bosnia and Herzegovina].

Appearance of an acute disease by Coxiella burnetii in humans in Bosnia and Herzegovina is very big epidemiological problem because incidence rate is among the highest incidence rates in Europe. Incidence rate of Q fever in Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina was very high during 1998. year 5.

Causal factors of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children.

Respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin diseases represent the most common diseases in infants and young children. Causal factors of these diseases are important infectious agents and causes of pathological conditions in children, but they are also very important for their parents, as well as for people in their close environment. Greater incidence of infections in infants and young children can be explained in different ways.

Clinical characteristics of rotaviruses disease.

Rotaviruses are the major causes of viral gastroenteritis in infant and the young children. There are a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms of rotavirosis. Rotavirus infection is fecal-oral infection.

[Prevention strategy of viral hepatitis B and C].

Infections by Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses, as well as infections caused by microorganisms transmitted through blood, blood products or in any other way, are now reality for all medical workers. This danger is stilll becoming increased for those medial workers who are more exposed in their everyday work to contaminated human blood or other biological materials. Therefore, the health institutions must introduce prevention measures against possible infection, but also the protection procedures to be applied immediately before and after incidental exposition to infectious material.

[Electron microscopy study and clinical characteristics of rotavirus disease].

In this paper it is been described method of electronic microscopy applied for discovering characteristic morphology of rotaviruses in samples of stools of infected and hospitalized patients. To have electronic microscopy as standard method it is necessary to know morphology or structure of the researched microorganism. In the second part of the paper we have made clinical epidemiological analysis of the rotavirus infection on the examined samples, and made comparison with result of other researches.

[Serologic diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2002].

Aim: Results of the serologic confirmation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in patients with clinical picture and overt symptoms of the disease from particular areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina during 2002 are presented.

Methods: A total of 146 sera from 100 clinically suspected patients were tested. The sera were tested for the presence of specific IgM antibodies to Hantaan and Puumala antigens by Elisa IgM "capture" test, and for the presence of specific antibodies to Hantaan, Puumala and Dobrava antigens by Elisa IgG test.

Q-fever, human and animal morbidity in some regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2000.

Q-Fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetti. C. burnetti is an obligate intracellular parasite.

[Laboratory diagnosis of Q-fever with the indirect immunofluorescence test].

Q-Fever nowadays presents the most diffuse disease in the world, caused by the microorganisms from the family Risckettiacae. This disease is Coxiellae burnetii. The laboratory diagnosis of the Q-Fever can be stated either by the isolation of the causer from the patient material, either by the proving of the specifically antibodies.