Sleeve gastrectomy reveals the plasticity of the human gastric epithelium.

Gastrin is secreted following a rise in gastric pH, leading to gastric acid secretion. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG), a bariatric surgery where 80% of the gastric corpus is excised, presents a challenge for gastric pH homeostasis. Using histology, and single-cell RNA sequencing of the gastric epithelium in 12 women, we observed that SG is associated with an increase in a sub-population of acid-secreting parietal cells that overexpress respiratory enzymes and an increase in histamine-secreting enterochromaffin-like cells (ECLs).

Arabidopsis ubiquitin ligase PUB41 positively regulates ABA-mediated seed dormancy and drought response.

Unlabelled: Seed germination is a tightly regulated, non-reversible developmental process, and it is crucial to prevent premature germination under conditions that may not allow the plant's life cycle to be completed. The plant hormone ABA is the key regulator of seed dormancy and inhibition of germination. ABA is also involved in the plant response to drought.

A deep-learning framework to predict cancer treatment response from histopathology images through imputed transcriptomics.

Advances in artificial intelligence have paved the way for leveraging hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor slides for precision oncology. We present ENLIGHT-DeepPT, an indirect two-step approach consisting of (1) DeepPT, a deep-learning framework that predicts genome-wide tumor mRNA expression from slides, and (2) ENLIGHT, which predicts response to targeted and immune therapies from the inferred expression values. We show that DeepPT successfully predicts transcriptomics in all 16 The Cancer Genome Atlas cohorts tested and generalizes well to two independent datasets.

Inhibition of somatostatin enhances the long-term metabolic outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy in mice.

Objective: Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment to obesity, leading to weight loss and improvement in glycemia, that is characterized by hypersecretion of gastrointestinal hormones. However, weight regain and relapse of hyperglycemia are not uncommon. We set to identify mechanisms that can enhance gastrointestinal hormonal secretion following surgery to sustain weight loss.

Extensive elimination of acinar cells during normal postnatal pancreas growth.

While programmed cell death plays important roles during morphogenetic stages of development, post-differentiation organ growth is considered an efficient process whereby cell proliferation increases cell number. Here we demonstrate that early postnatal growth of the pancreas unexpectedly involves massive acinar cell elimination. Measurements of cell proliferation and death in the human pancreas in comparison to the actual increase in cell number predict daily elimination of 0.

Nucleus-independent transgenerational small RNA inheritance in .

In worms, epigenetic information transmits transgenerationally. Still, it is unknown whether the effects transfer to the next generation inside or outside of the nucleus. Here, we use the tractability of gene-specific double-stranded RNA-induced silencing to demonstrate that RNA interference can be inherited independently of any nuclear factors via mothers that are genetically engineered to transmit only their ooplasm but not the oocytes' nuclei to the next generation.

The total mass, number, and distribution of immune cells in the human body.

The immune system is a complex network of cells with critical functions in health and disease. However, a comprehensive census of the cells comprising the immune system is lacking. Here, we estimated the abundance of the primary immune cell types throughout all tissues in the human body.

Prediction of cancer treatment response from histopathology images through imputed transcriptomics.

Advances in artificial intelligence have paved the way for leveraging hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tumor slides for precision oncology. We present ENLIGHT-DeepPT, an approach for predicting response to multiple targeted and immunotherapies from H&E-slides. In difference from existing approaches that aim to predict treatment response directly from the slides, ENLIGHT-DeepPT is an indirect two-step approach consisting of (1) DeepPT, a new deep-learning framework that predicts genome-wide tumor mRNA expression from slides, and (2) ENLIGHT, which predicts response based on the DeepPT inferred expression values.

Renal Endocannabinoid Dysregulation in Obesity-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Humans.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates various physiological processes, including energy homeostasis and kidney function. ECS upregulation in obese animals and humans suggests a potential link to obesity-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, obesity-induced ECS changes in the kidney are mainly studied in rodents, leaving the impact on obese humans unknown.

Functional and anatomical outcomes of fovea on, fovea off and fovea-splitting rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Purpose: To compare the anatomical and functional outcomes of fovea-on, fovea-off, and fovea-split rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Methods: Retrospective case series of consecutive patients diagnosed with RRD and treated with only pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Preoperative and postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) and functional outcomes were obtained prior to and 6 months after surgery.

Differential effects of bariatric surgery and caloric restriction on hepatic one-carbon and fatty acid metabolism.

Weight loss interventions, including dietary changes, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric surgery, prevent many of the adverse consequences of obesity, and may also confer intervention-specific benefits beyond those seen with decreased weight alone. We compared the molecular effects of different interventions on liver metabolism to understand the mechanisms underlying these benefits. Male rats on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or intermittent fasting with caloric restriction (IF-CR), achieving equivalent weight loss.

Living the DReaM: The interrelations between statistical, scientific and nature of science uncertainty articulations through citizen science.

Responsible citizenship and sound decision-making in today's information age necessitate an appreciation of the role of uncertainty in the process of generating data-based scientific knowledge. The latter calls for coordinating between different types of uncertainties, related to three types of relevant reasoning: statistical, scientific, and nature of science uncertainties. This article examines separately the uncertainties that young students articulate as they engage in activities designed to concurrently foster all three types of reasoning, and also explores how these different types can interrelate.

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice.

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which requires handling the mice, causes stress, and does not provide data on freely behaving mice during the dark cycle. State-of-the-art continuous glucose measurement in mice requires inserting a probe into the aortic arch of the mouse, as well as a specialized telemetry system.

Rules for body fat interventions based on an operating point mechanism.

Interventions to reduce fat are important for human health. However, they can have opposing effects such as exercise that decreases fat but increases food intake, or coherent effects such as leptin resistance which raises both. Furthermore, some interventions show an overshoot in food intake, such as recovery from a diet, whereas others do not.

Mapping the metabolic reprogramming induced by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition.

Diabetes is associated with increased risk for kidney disease, heart failure, and mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) prevent these adverse outcomes; however, the mechanisms involved are not clear. We generated a roadmap of the metabolic alterations that occur in different organs in diabetes and in response to SGLT2i.

COVID-19 Quarantine and Sexual Function after First Vaginal Delivery.

Objectives: Sexual function is an important part of quality of life at all ages. Childbirth brings many changes that may affect sexual function. During COVID-19 global pandemic, nuclear families were forced to stay home.

Late preterm delivery has a distinctive second-stage duration and characteristics.

Background: Late preterm neonates born between 34.0 and 36.6 weeks' gestation are at increased risk for short- and long-term morbidity and mortality when compared with their term counterparts.

Clinically oriented prediction of patient response to targeted and immunotherapies from the tumor transcriptome.

Background: Precision oncology is gradually advancing into mainstream clinical practice, demonstrating significant survival benefits. However, eligibility and response rates remain limited in many cases, calling for better predictive biomarkers.

Methods: We present ENLIGHT, a transcriptomics-based computational approach that identifies clinically relevant genetic interactions and uses them to predict a patient's response to a variety of therapies in multiple cancer types without training on previous treatment response data.

An Exercise-Induced Metabolic Shield in Distant Organs Blocks Cancer Progression and Metastatic Dissemination.

Unlabelled: Exercise prevents cancer incidence and recurrence, yet the underlying mechanism behind this relationship remains mostly unknown. Here we report that exercise induces the metabolic reprogramming of internal organs that increases nutrient demand and protects against metastatic colonization by limiting nutrient availability to the tumor, generating an exercise-induced metabolic shield. Proteomic and ex vivo metabolic capacity analyses of murine internal organs revealed that exercise induces catabolic processes, glucose uptake, mitochondrial activity, and GLUT expression.

Sleeve Gastrectomy Reduces Glycemia but Does Not Affect Cognitive Impairment in Lean 5xFAD Mice.

Obesity and hyperglycemia are risk factors for cognitive decline and for the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity that was shown to improve cognitive decline in obese patients. Bariatric surgery was shown to exert weight loss independent effects on metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.

The ABCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE (ABI) 4 Transcription Factor Is Stabilized by Stress, ABA and Phosphorylation.

The Arabidopsis transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) is a key player in the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway and is involved in plant response to abiotic stress and development. Expression of the gene is tightly regulated, with low basal expression. Maximal transcript levels occur during the seed maturation and early seed germination stages.

The Obesogenic and Glycemic Effect of Bariatric Surgery in a Family with a Melanocortin 4 Receptor Loss-of-Function Mutation.

We report the long-term response to bariatric surgery in a singular family of four adolescents with severe obesity (41-82 kg/m), homozygous for the C271R loss-of-function mutation in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), and three adults heterozygous for the same mutation. All patients had similar sociodemographic backgrounds and were followed for an average of 7 years. Three of the four homozygous patients regained their full weight (42-77 kg/m), while the fourth lost weight but remained obese with a body mass index of 60 kg/m.

The activity of the stress modulated Arabidopsis ubiquitin ligases PUB46 and PUB48 is partially redundant.

The Arabidopsis ubiquitin ligases PUB46, PUB47 and PUB48 are encoded by paralogus genes. Single gene and mutants display increased drought sensitivity compared to wild type (WT) suggesting that each has specific biological activity. The high sequence homology between PUB46 and PUB48 activity suggested that they may also share some aspects of their activity.