Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands regulate the expression of inflammatory mediators in porcine endometrium during LPS-induced inflammation.

Inflammation in the female reproductive system is one of the most common causes of reproductive dysfunction such as infertility, delay of the reproductive cycle and a reduction in reproductive efficiency. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands on the expression of selected inflammatory mediators: nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the porcine endometrium treated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on days 10-12 and 18-20 of the estrous cycle. In addition, two experimental protocols were applied to evaluate the role of PPARγ agonists in ongoing and developing inflammation.

PPARγ regulates the expression of genes involved in the DNA damage response in an inflamed endometrium.

Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system, which can be triggered by many factors, including pathogens. These factors may induce acute or chronic inflammation in various organs, including the reproductive system, leading to tissue damage or disease. In this study, the RNA-Seq technique was used to determine the in vitro effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands on the expression of genes and long non-coding RNA, and alternative splicing events (ASEs) in LPS-induced inflammation of the porcine endometrium during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle.

PPARγ ligands modulate the immune response mediators in the pig myometrium - An in vitro study.

The current study was conducted with the aim to investigate effects of PPARγ ligands on synthesis of nuclear receptor κB (NF-κB) and selected cytokines (IL-1β, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, LIF) in the pig myometrium on days 14-15 of the estrous cycle (late-luteal phase) and days 14-15 of the gestational period (beginning of embryonic implantation). The myometrial slices were incubated in vitro for 6 h in medium containing PPARγ ligands, agonists: 15d-prostaglandin J or pioglitazone, and antagonist - T0070907. The mRNA transcript and protein abundances were evaluated in tissues and culture medium.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha regulates the expression of the immune response mediators in the porcine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.

Problem: Cytokines are immune response mediators that play an important role in the regulation of reproductive functions. An association between cytokines and peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) has been reported in various tissues, including the endometrium. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of PPARα ligands on the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and LIF) in the porcine endometrium in different reproductive stages.

PPARβ/δ ligands regulate the expression of immune response mediators in the porcine endometrium - An in vitro study.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ belongs to a group of nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors. PPAR β/δ plays a significant role in the regulation of female reproductive processes. It has been demonstrated that PPARβ/δ is expressed in mouse, rat and porcine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands affect NF-kB and cytokine synthesis in the porcine endometrium-An in vitro study.

Problem: Cytokines, mediators of the immune response, are involved in the regulation of female reproductive processes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of selected peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands on the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and selected cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, -4, -6, -8, -10, and the leukemia inhibitory factor, in the porcine endometrium on days 10-12 and 14-16 of the estrous cycle (mid- and late luteal phase, respectively) or pregnancy (maternal recognition of pregnancy and beginning of implantation, respectively).

Method Of Study: Endometrial slices were incubated in vitro in the presence of PPARγ agonists, 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J or rosiglitazone, and PPARγ antagonist T0070907.