Towards sustainable maritime management: A re-visit of ammonia criterion values in Southeast Asian tropical seas.

The maritime industry's shift towards ammonia as a low-carbon fuel demands a re-evaluation of environmental criteria, especially in biodiverse and yet data-sparse Southeast Asian tropical seas. To fill the knowledge gap, this study proposes an updated set of ammonia criterion values for these marine environments, detailing the development process, assumptions, and limitations. Utilizing the widely used species sensitivity distributions with over 50 regionally relevant species, the study estimates criterion values for ammonia in Southeast Asian tropical seas.

Southeastern China Boreal Winter Precipitation Anomalies are Dependent on Intensity of El Niño.

Previous studies reported that boreal winter precipitation in southeastern China (SEC) tends to increase during El Niño. In this study, however, we find that most weak El Niño events are accompanied by below-normal precipitation in SEC, although strong El Niño events are accompanied by above-normal precipitation in SEC for both eastern Pacific El Niño and central Pacific El Niño. Both the cold SST anomalies in the western North Pacific (WNP) and the warm SST anomalies in the central tropical Pacific are important for the formation of anomalous anticyclone over the WNP, which favors above-normal precipitation over SEC by transporting more water vapor to SEC.