Gut microbiota-brain bile acid axis orchestrates aging-related neuroinflammation and behavior impairment in mice.

Emerging evidence shows that disrupted gut microbiota-bile acid (BA) axis is critically involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the alterations in spatial distribution of BAs among different brain regions that command important functions during aging and their exact roles in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the BA profiles in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of young and natural aging mice of both sexes.

Mediodorsal thalamus-projecting anterior cingulate cortex neurons modulate helping behavior in mice.

Many species living in groups can perform prosocial behaviors via voluntarily helping others with or without benefits for themselves. To provide a better understanding of the neural basis of such prosocial behaviors, we adapted a preference lever-switching task in which mice can prevent harm to others by switching from using a lever that causes shocks to a conspecific one that does not. We found the harm avoidance behavior was mediated by self-experience and visual and social contact but not by gender or familiarity.

Genetic model of selective COX2 inhibition improve learning and memory ability and brain pathological changes in 5xFAD mouse.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that leads to dementia. Its pathogenesis is very complex, and inflammation is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms of AD. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which mainly target cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, are used to reduce the risk of AD, but several side effects limit their application.

Micheliolide attenuates neuroinflammation to improve cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Inflammatory reaction in the brain activates glial cells, and over-activated glial cells secrete inflammatory mediators, which aggravates the inflammatory response in the brain and accelerates the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in turn. Numerous natural compounds from herbs can alleviate inflammation, and it is very promising to find -neuroinflammatory natural compounds. Micheliolide (MCL) is an asesquiterpene lactone.

Pain sensitivity related to gamma oscillation of parvalbumin interneuron in primary somatosensory cortex in Dync1i1 mice.

Cytoplasmic dynein is an important intracellular motor protein that plays an important role in neuronal growth, axonal polarity formation, dendritic differentiation, and dendritic spine development among others. The intermediate chain of dynein, encoded by Dync1i1, plays a vital role in the dynein complex. Therefore, we assessed the behavioral and related neuronal activities in mice with dync1i1 gene knockout.

Chinese traditional formula Kaixin San suppressed ferroptosis of hippocampal neurons and cardiomyocytes in mice with paradoxical sleep deprivation.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Kaixin San (KXS) is one of the most famous traditional Chinese formulas prescribed by Sun Simiao in 652 Christian era. It is composed of Panax ginseng C.A.

A High Hepatic Uptake of Conjugated Bile Acids Promotes Colorectal Cancer-Associated Liver Metastasis.

The liver is the most common site for colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated metastasis. There remain unsatisfactory medications in liver metastasis given the incomplete understanding of pathogenic mechanisms. Herein, with an orthotopic implantation model fed either regular or high-fat diets (HFD), more liver metastases were associated with an expansion of conjugated bile acids (BAs), particularly taurocholic acid (TCA) in the liver, and an increased gene expression of Na-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP).

PACT promotes the metastasis of basal-like breast cancer through Rac1 SUMOylation and activation.

Most basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) are triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which is associated with high malignancy, high rate of recurrence and distant metastasis, and poor prognosis among all types of breast cancer. However, there are currently no effective therapies for BLBC. Furthermore, chemoresistance limits the therapeutic options for BLBC treatment.

Neural excitatory rebound induced by valproic acid may predict its inadequate control of seizures.

Background: Valproic acid (VPA) represents one of the most efficient antiseizure medications (ASMs) for both general and focal seizures, but some patients may have inadequate control by VPA monotherapy. In this study, we aimed to verify the hypothesis that excitatory dynamic rebound induced by inhibitory power may contribute to the ineffectiveness of VPA therapy and become a predictor of post-operative inadequate control of seizures.

Methods: Awake craniotomy surgeries were performed in 16 patients with intro-operative high-density electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording.

Altered pain sensitivity in 5×familial Alzheimer disease mice is associated with dendritic spine loss in anterior cingulate cortex pyramidal neurons.

Chronic pain is highly prevalent. Individuals with cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer disease are a susceptible population in which pain is frequently difficult to diagnosis. It is still unclear whether the pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer disease will affect pain processing.

Suppressing NK Cells by Astragaloside IV Protects Against Acute Ischemic Stroke in Mice Inhibiting STAT3.

Natural killer (NK) cells, a key member of innate lymphocytes, are a promising immunotherapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Astragaloside IV (ASIV) is isolated from (Fabaceae), a herbal medicine possessing immunomodulatory ability. This study investigated the effect of ASIV on NK cells during the acute stage of brain ischemic injury in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Corrigendum: Notoginsenoside R1 Reverses Abnormal Autophagy in Hippocampal Neurons of Mice With Sleep Deprivation Through Melatonin Receptor 1A.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.

Dynamic Changes of Endogenic or Exogenic β-Carboline Alkaloid Harmine in Different Mammals and Human at Developmental and Physiological States.

Objective: Several β-carboline alkaloids (βCBs), such as harmine, harmaline, harmane, and nor-harmane, are effective for Alzheimer's disease mouse models. They can be found in some plants, common foodstuffs, and blank plasma of various mammals. However, whether these compounds in mammals are exogenous or endogenous remain unclear.

Corrigendum: Cardioprotective Effect of Stem-Leaf Saponins From on Mice With Sleep Deprivation by Inhibiting Abnormal Autophagy Through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.

Cardioprotective Effect of Stem-Leaf Saponins From on Mice With Sleep Derivation by Inhibiting Abnormal Autophagy Through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway.

Sleep deprivation (SD) may lead to serious myocardial injury in cardiovascular diseases. Saponins extracted from the roots of , a traditional Chinese medicine beneficial to blood circulation and hemostasis, are the main bioactive components exerting cardiovascular protection in the treatment of heart disorders, such as arrhythmia, ischemia and reperfusion injury, and cardiac hypertrophy. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of stem-leaf saponins from (SLSP) on myocardial injury in SD mice.

Notoginsenoside R1 Reverses Abnormal Autophagy in Hippocampal Neurons of Mice With Sleep Deprivation Through Melatonin Receptor 1A.

Sleep deprivation (SD) may cause serious neural injury in the central nervous system, leading to impairment of learning and memory. Melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) plays an important role in the sleep regulation upon activation by melatonin. The present study aimed to investigate if notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), an active compound isolated from , could alleviate neural injury, thus improve impaired learning and memory of SD mice, as well as to explore its underlying action mechanism through modulating MTNR1A.

Differential expression of microRNAs associated with neurodegenerative diseases and diabetic nephropathy in protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase-deficient mice.

Protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT/PCMT1), an enzyme repairing isoaspartate residues in peptides and proteins that result from the spontaneous decomposition of normal l-aspartyl and l-asparaginyl residues during aging, has been revealed to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms for a putative association of PIMT dysfunction with these diseases have not been clarified. Our study aimed to identify differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in the brain and kidneys of PIMT-deficient mice and uncover the epigenetic mechanism of PIMT-involved NDDs and diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Astragaloside IV suppresses post-ischemic natural killer cell infiltration and activation in the brain: involvement of histone deacetylase inhibition.

Natural killer (NK) cells, a type of cytotoxic lymphocytes, can infiltrate into ischemic brain and exacerbate neuronal cell death. Astragaloside IV (ASIV) is the major bioactive ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese herbal medicine, and possesses potent immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties. This study investigated the effects of ASIV on post-ischemic brain infiltration and activation of NK cells.

Congestive heart failure in COX2 deficient rats.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin (PG) formation by targeting cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2. Long-term use of NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX2 increases the risk for thrombotic events, cardiac failure, and hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Yes‑associated protein protects and rescues SH‑SY5Y cells from ketamine‑induced apoptosis.

Ketamine is a widely used intravenous anesthetic; however, basic and clinical studies have demonstrated that prolonged exposure can cause irreversible injury to the immature human brain. Yes‑associated protein (YAP) is the main effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, which serves an important role in regulating tissue homeostasis and organ size during development. However, whether YAP mediates ketamine‑induced apoptosis is not completely understood.

The lateralization of left hippocampal CA3 during the retrieval of spatial working memory.

The hippocampal CA3 contributes to spatial working memory (SWM), but which stage of SWM the CA3 neurons act on and whether the lateralization of CA3 function occurs in SWM is also unknown. Here, we reveal increased neural activity in both sample and choice phases of SWM. Left CA3 (LCA3) neurons show higher sensitivity in the choice phase during the correct versus error trials compared with right CA3 (RCA3) neurons.

Cycloastragenol upregulates SIRT1 expression, attenuates apoptosis and suppresses neuroinflammation after brain ischemia.

Cycloastragenol (CAG) is the active form of astragaloside IV isolated from Astragalus Radix, which displays multiple pharmacological effects. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a class III histone deacetylase, has been shown to play an important role in neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. In this study, we investigated whether CAG protected against ischemic brain injury and, if so, whether the beneficial effects were associated with the regulation of SIRT1 in the ischemic brain.

Correction: IRE1 promotes neurodegeneration through autophagy-dependent neuron death in the Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.

Since online publication of this article, the authors noticed that some of the fly stocks were mislabelled in the methods and in Supplementary Figure 5. The corrected methods text is provided below.

IRE1 promotes neurodegeneration through autophagy-dependent neuron death in the Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.

Abnormal aggregation of misfolded pathological proteins in neurons is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). Perturbations of proteostasis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers ER stress, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). Chronic ER stress is thought to underlie the death of neurons during the neurodegenerative progression, but the precise mechanism by which the UPR pathways regulate neuronal cell fate remains incompletely understood.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction Attenuates Infiltration of Natural Killer Cells and Protects Against Ischemic Brain Injury.

Background/aims: Natural killer (NK) cells are among the first immune cells that respond to an ischemic insult in human brains. The infiltrated NK cells damage blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbate brain infarction. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD), a classic Chinese traditional herbal prescription, has long been used for the treatment of ischemic stroke.