Ibero⁻American Consensus on Low- and No-Calorie Sweeteners: Safety, Nutritional Aspects and Benefits in Food and Beverages.

International scientific experts in food, nutrition, dietetics, endocrinology, physical activity, paediatrics, nursing, toxicology and public health met in Lisbon on 2⁻4 July 2017 to develop a Consensus on the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as substitutes for sugars and other caloric sweeteners. LNCS are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods and beverages with the addition of fewer or no calories. They are also used in medicines, health-care products, such as toothpaste, and food supplements.

[The incretin effect and type 2 diabetes].

In the gastrointestinal tract we produce hormones, called incretins, in response to food ingestion with a direct effect on pancreatic β and α cell improving the insulin and glucagon response to glucose. The effect consisting in a greater secretion of insulin with a glucose stimulus from the gut or IV injection is called "the incretin effect." The main incretins are: glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP).

Effects of pioglitazone and glimepiride on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial.

Background: Pioglitazone and glimepiride improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by different mechanisms. Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that reduces insulin resistance, and glimepiride is a sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue.

Objective: The goals of this study were to compare changes in measures of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes who received pioglitazone or glimepiride for 1 year.

Factors affecting the urinary excretion of albumin in insulin-dependent diabetes.

To determine the specificity of the urine excretion of albumin as a measure of glomerular permeability in early insulin-dependent diabetic nephropathy, the effect of variable glomerular filtration and urine flow rates on albumin, beta 2-microglobulin excretion, and the fractional renal clearance of neutral dextran (Stokes Einstein Radius 24-46 A) was examined. Five insulin-dependent diabetic subjects with normal glomerular permeability (albumin excretion less than 30 micrograms/min) and one with elevated albumin excretion (195 micrograms/min) were studied pre and post strict glucose control with constant subcutaneous insulin infusion for 7 days. The albumin excretion in the 5 subjects never exceeded 30 micrograms/min during wide variations in glomerular filtration and urine flow rates.

Effects of weight loss in massive obesity on insulin and C-peptide dynamics: sequential changes in insulin production, clearance, and sensitivity.

In massively obese patients hyperinsulinemia and insulin insensitivity usually improve with weight loss. To clarify the mechanism of these reversible abnormalities eight nondiabetic massively obese patients were studied before and at intervals (3 months and 1 yr) after weight loss following gastroplasty. Insulin dynamics were studied during the hyperglycemic clamp (change in glucose, 7 mmol L-1 for 2 h) by measuring the area under the insulin and C-peptide response curves, representing, respectively, systemic insulin response and insulin production.

Changes in insulin sensitivity and clearance in anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a state of self-induced malnutrition characterized by a marked pursuit of thinness and the fear of obesity. Although low fasting blood glucose and insulin have been demonstrated, there is contradictory data on insulin sensitivity and a lack of information about insulin metabolism and its metabolic effects in AN. Insulin sensitivity, kinetics, and metabolic effects were measured using the euglycemic clamp in nine females with AN (age 25.

Effects of massive obesity on insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance and the metabolic response to insulin as assessed by the euglycemic clamp technique.

Insulin sensitivity was studied in nine nondiabetic massively obese patients (one male and eight females ages 39.0 +/- 2.7 years, body mass index 47.

The metabolic response to the euglycemic insulin clamp in type I diabetes and normal humans.

The euglycemic insulin clamp has been utilized extensively to measure in vivo tissue sensitivity to insulin under various circumstances. Insulin sensitivity is determined from the amount of glucose metabolized under steady state conditions. To assess the effect of abnormalities in other insulin responsive metabolic pathways on glucose metabolism and thus insulin sensitivity as measured by the glucose clamp, the concentration of lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, alanine, and free fatty acids were measured at baseline and during a two-hour euglycemic clamp in 13 nonobese subjects with type I diabetes.

Comparison of the acute and long-term effects of exercise on glucose control in type I diabetes.

To determine the long-term effect of exercise training on glucose control, 13 subjects with type I diabetes and 7 control subjects performed 45 min of cycle exercise three times per wk for 12 wk. The acute blood glucose response, the long-term effect on glucose control (glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose), and changes in nutrient intake were assessed. Fitness as measured by VO2 MAX increased in both control (33.