* Results showed that non-fertilized fields had a slight N surplus but a P deficit, while other treatments resulted in significant N and P surpluses, with the NPKM treatment having better balance and lower surpluses compared to others.
* The NPKM treatment not only improved soil nutrient content but also yielded the highest eco-economic benefit value, highlighting the effectiveness of optimized fertilizer application in maintaining nutrient balance in red soil paddy fields.