Single cell multi-omic analysis identifies key genes differentially expressed in innate lymphoid cells from COVID-19 patients.

Introduction: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are enriched at mucosal surfaces where they respond rapidly to environmental stimuli and contribute to both tissue inflammation and healing.

Methods: To gain insight into the role of ILCs in the pathology and recovery from COVID-19 infection, we employed a multi-omics approach consisting of Abseq and targeted mRNA sequencing to respectively probe the surface marker expression, transcriptional profile and heterogeneity of ILCs in peripheral blood of patients with COVID-19 compared with healthy controls.

Results: We found that the frequency of ILC1 and ILC2 cells was significantly increased in COVID-19 patients.

Peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar leukocyte profile in lung transplant recipients and their changes according to immunosuppressive regimen: A single-center experience.

Background: After lung transplantation (LuTX), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and acute cellular rejection (ACR) are associated with changes in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid mononuclear cell profile (PBMC and BALIC). PBMC is also influenced by immunosuppressive regimen and its changes with postoperative time. First-year PBMC and BALIC changes were evaluated in this study with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and alemtuzumab (AL) induction therapy.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma.

Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million children and young adults in Europe. Asthma is a complex, partially heritable disease with a marked heterogeneity.

Limitations of VS38c labeling in the detection of plasma cell myeloma by flow cytometry.

Plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma [MM]) is a malignant neoplasm originating from the plasma cells. Besides other methods, flow cytometric analysis of the patient's bone marrow aspirate has an important role in the diagnosis and also in the response assessment. Since the cell surface markers, used for identifying abnormal plasma cells, are expressed diversely and the treatment can also alter the phenotype of the plasma cells, there is an increasing demand for new plasma cell markers.

[True insulin allergy? Lessons from a case of suspected insulin allergy].

Today, insulin hypersensitivity reactions are rare side effects of insulin therapy. In two-thirds of the suspected insulin allergy cases, the clinical symptoms are not related to insulin. The authors report the case of a 64-year-old female patient, by whom lymphocyte tarnsformation test (LTT) has been used to elucidate the background of allergic symptoms developed during insulin therapy.

Highlights of Novel Vaccination Strategies in Allergen Immunotherapy.

Increasing safety while maintaining or even augmenting efficiency are the main goals of research for novel vaccine development and improvement of treatment schemes in allergen immunotherapy (AIT). To increase the efficacy of AIT, allergens have been coupled to innate immunostimulatory substances and new adjuvants have been introduced. Allergens have been modified to increase their uptake and presentation.

Mechanisms of Subcutaneous and Sublingual Aeroallergen Immunotherapy: What Is New?

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is considered to be the only treatment option with the promise of healing and induction of long-lasting allergen tolerance, persisting even after discontinuation of therapy. Despite a more than 100-year-long history, still only a minority of patients are being treated with AIT. Substantial developments took place in the last decade to overcome problems in standardization, efficacy, safety, high costs, long duration of treatment; and new guidelines have also been implemented.

Dysregulation of the endothelial nitric oxide pathway is associated with airway inflammation in COPD.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is related to endothelial dysfunction and the impaired generation of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). The relationship between eNOS dysfunctionality and airway inflammation is unknown. We assessed serum asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA) and nitrite/nitrate concentrations, indicators of eNOS function, in patients with COPD and correlated them with markers of inflammation.

Effect of COPD on Inflammation, Lymphoid Functions and Progression-Free Survival during First-Line Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common comorbidity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). COPD is characterized by systemic inflammation and lymphocyte dysfunction, mechanisms that are also known to accelerate progression of advanced (IIIB-IV) stage NSCLC. We aimed to find out whether COPD exerts an influence on tumor induced inflammatory and lymphoid responses and progression-free survival (PFS) after first-line treatment in advanced NSCLC.

Human CD40 ligand-expressing type 3 innate lymphoid cells induce IL-10-producing immature transitional regulatory B cells.

Background: Type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are involved in maintenance of mucosal homeostasis; however, their role in immunoregulation has been unknown. Immature transitional regulatory B (itBreg) cells are innate-like B cells with immunosuppressive properties, and the in vivo mechanisms by which they are induced have not been fully clarified.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the ILC3-B-cell interaction that probably takes place in human tonsils.

Diurnal variation of circulating microvesicles is associated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea.

Purpose: Microvesicles (MVs) have been implicated in the pathomechanism of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA); however, the results are inconsistent, possibly due to an unrevealed temporal variation in circulating MV levels. We aimed to investigate the diurnal changes of MV fractions in OSA.

Methods: Peripheral blood was taken from 18 patients with OSA and 9 healthy subjects at different time points (11:00, 17:00, 21:00, 01:30 and 06:00).

Increased synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor in allergic airway inflammation in histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC(-/-)) mice.

Histamine and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma; they enhance inflammation, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion. Histamine was suggested to alter the level of VEGF via the H2 receptors. Here the authors have applied histidine decarboxylase gene-targeted (HDC(-/-)) mice, lacking histamine, to investigate the effect of histamine deficiency on VEGF expression in an animal model of asthma.

Adenosine triphosphate concentration of exhaled breath condensate in asthma.

Background: Purinergic signaling is involved in asthma pathogenesis. Not only adenosine but also adenosine triphosphate (ATP) might play a role, but human evidence is scarce. ATP can be measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a noninvasive airway sample suggested as being suitable for patient monitoring.

Galectin-9 in allergic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice.

Background: Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a member of the growing family of beta-galactoside-binding lectins. Gal-9 is an eosinophil chemoattractant and inducer of Th1 cell apoptosis. These effects suggest its potential role in the pathogenesis of asthma.

Gene expression profiling of experimental asthma reveals a possible role of paraoxonase-1 in the disease.

In this study, we aimed to identify novel genes involved in experimental and human asthma, importance of which has not yet been recognized. In an ovalbumin-induced murine model of asthma, we applied microarray gene expression analysis at different time points after allergen challenges. Advanced statistical methods were used to relate gene expression changes to cellular processes and to integrate our results into multiple levels of information available in public databases.