Optimal Cancer Care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: A Shared Approach to System Level Change.

Purpose: To improve cancer outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through the development and national endorsement of the first population-specific optimal care pathway (OCP) to guide the delivery of high-quality, culturally appropriate, and evidence-based cancer care.

Methods: An iterative methodology was undertaken over a 2-year period, and more than 70 organizations and individuals from diverse cultural, geographic, and sectorial backgrounds provided input. Cancer Australia reviewed experiences of care and the evidence base and undertook national public consultation with the indigenous health sector and community, health professionals, and professional colleges.

Development of a National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cancer Framework: A Shared Process to Guide Effective Policy and Practice.

Indigenous Australians experience a substantially higher cancer mortality rate than non-Indigenous Australians. While cancer outcomes are improving for non-Indigenous Australians, they are worsening for Indigenous Australians. Reducing this disparity requires evidence-based and culturally-appropriate guidance.

Variations in outcomes by residential location for women with breast cancer: a systematic review.

Objectives: To systematically assess the evidence for variations in outcomes at each step along the breast cancer continuum of care for Australian women by residential location.

Design: Systematic review.

Methods: Systematic searches of peer-reviewed articles in English published from 1 January 1990 to 24 November 2017 using PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Informit databases.

Variations in outcomes for Indigenous women with breast cancer in Australia: A systematic review.

This systematic review examines variations in outcomes along the breast cancer continuum for Australian women by Indigenous status. Multiple databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles published from 1 January 1990 to 1 March 2015 focussing on adult female breast cancer patients in Australia and assessing survival, patient and tumour characteristics, diagnosis and treatment by Indigenous status. Sixteen quantitative studies were included with 12 rated high, 3 moderate and 1 as low quality.

A systematic review of inequalities in psychosocial outcomes for women with breast cancer according to residential location and Indigenous status in Australia.

Background: The aim of this systematic review was to examine variations in psychosocial outcomes by residential location and Indigenous status in women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) in Australia.

Methods: Systematic searches were undertaken using multiple databases covering articles between 1 January 1990 and 1 March 2015 focusing on adult women with BC in an Australian setting and measuring quality of life (QOL), psychological distress or psychosocial support.

Results: Thirteen quantitative and three qualitative articles were included.

Psychological distress and quality of life in lung cancer: the role of health-related stigma, illness appraisals and social constraints.

Objective: Health-related stigma is associated with negative psychological and quality of life outcomes in lung cancer patients. This study describes the impact of stigma on lung cancer patients' psychological distress and quality of life and explores the role of social constraints and illness appraisal as mediators of effect.

Methods: A self-administered cross-sectional survey examined psychological distress and quality of life in 151 people (59% response rate) diagnosed with lung cancer from Queensland and New South Wales.

Breast cancer survival in New Zealand women.

Background: The Quality Audit (BQA) of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand includes a broad range of data and is the largest New Zealand (NZ) breast cancer (BC) database outside the NZ Cancer Registry. We used BQA data to compare BC survival by ethnicity, deprivation, remoteness, clinical characteristic and case load.

Methods: BQA and death data were linked using the National Health Index.

Analysing risk factors for poorer breast cancer outcomes in residents of lower socioeconomic areas of Australia.

Objective: To investigate patient, cancer and treatment factors associated with the residence of female breast cancer patients in lower socioeconomic areas of Australia to better understand factors that may contribute to their poorer cancer outcomes.

Methods: Bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed using the Breast Quality Audit database of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand. RESULTS Multivariable regression indicated that patients from lower socioeconomic areas are more likely to live in more remote areas and to be treated at regional than major city centres.

Factors predictive of immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy for invasive breast cancer in Australia.

Purpose: To investigate person, cancer and treatment determinants of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) in Australia.

Methods: Bi-variable and multi-variable analyses of the Quality Audit database.

Results: Of 12,707 invasive cancers treated by mastectomy circa 1998-2010, 8% had IBR.

Risk factors for poorer breast cancer outcomes in residents of remote areas of Australia.

To investigate patient, cancer and treatment characteristics in females with breast cancer from more remote areas of Australia, to better understand reasons for their poorer outcomes, bi-variable and multivariable analyses were undertaken using the National Breast Cancer Audit database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand. Results indicated that patients from more remote areas were more likely to be of lower socio- economic status and be treated in earlier diagnostic epochs and at inner regional and remote rather than major city centres. They were also more likely to be treated by low case load surgeons, although this finding was only of marginal statistical significance in multivariable analysis (p=0.

Factors predictive of treatment by Australian breast surgeons of invasive female breast cancer by mastectomy rather than breast conserving surgery.

Background: The National Breast Cancer Audit Database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand is used by surgeons to monitor treatment quality and for research. About 60% of early invasive female breast cancers in Australia are recorded. The objectives of this study are: (1) to investigate associations of socio-demographic, health-system and clinical characteristics with treatment of invasive female breast cancer by mastectomy compared with breast conserving surgery; and (2) to consider service delivery implications.

Survival from breast cancer: an analysis of Australian data by surgeon case load, treatment centre location, and health insurance status.

Objective: Early invasive breast cancer data from the Australian National Breast Cancer Audit were used to compare case fatality by surgeon case load, treatment centre location and health insurance status.

Method: Deaths were traced to 31 December 2007, for cancers diagnosed in 1998-2005. Risk of breast cancer death was compared using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Adherence to recommended treatments for early invasive breast cancer: decisions of women attending surgeons in the breast cancer audit of Australia and New Zealand.

Aim: The study aim was to determine the frequency with which women decline clinicians' treatment recommendations and variations in this frequency by age, cancer and service descriptors.

Design: The study included 36,775 women diagnosed with early invasive breast cancer in 1998-2005 and attending Australian and New Zealand breast surgeons. Rate ratios for declining treatment were examined by descriptor, using bilateral and multiple logistic regression analyses.

Survival from synchronous bilateral breast cancer: the experience of surgeons participating in the breast audit of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand.

Background: Previous studies generally indicate that synchronous bilateral breast cancers (SBBC) have an equivalent or moderately poorer survival compared with unilateral cases. The prognostic characteristics of SBBC would be relevant when planning adjuvant therapies and follow-up medical surveillance. The frequency of SBBC among early breast cancers in clinical settings in Australia and New Zealand were investigated, plus their prognostic significance, using the Breast Cancer Audit Database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand, which covered an estimated 60% of early invasive lesions in those countries.

Age effects on survival from early breast cancer in clinical settings in Australia.

Background:   The study aim was to determine whether age is an independent risk factor for survival from early invasive breast cancer in contemporary Australian clinical settings.

Methods:   The study included 31 493 breast cancers diagnosed in 1998-2005. Risk of death from breast cancer was compared by age, without and with adjustment for clinical risk factors, using Cox proportional hazard regression.

Evaluation of implementation of sentinel node biopsy in Australia.

Background:   Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) has been a major change in surgical technique for the management of early breast cancer. In June 2008, the National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre (NBOCC) released evidence-based guidelines for the use of SNB in Australia. During 2010, NBOCC undertook a cohort study to identify the extent to which clinical practice in Australia reflected the recommendations for use of SNB in the 6 months after release of the guidelines.

Use of trastuzumab in Australia and New Zealand: results from the National Breast Cancer Audit.

Background: Trastuzumab increases disease-free and overall survival in HER-2-positive, early breast cancer. In 2007, the National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre recommended that patients with HER-2 positive cancers (node positive or node negative tumours >1 cm) be offered adjuvant trastuzumab with chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate recent trends in trastuzumab therapy in Australia and New Zealand.

Breast screening and breast cancer survival in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women of Australia.

Unlabelled: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprise about 2.5% of the Australian population. Cancer registry data indicate that their breast cancer survivals are lower than for other women but the completeness and accuracy of Indigenous descriptors on registries are uncertain.

Australian women's perceptions of breast cancer risk factors and the risk of developing breast cancer.

Background: Numerous studies have shown that the majority of women overestimate both their own risk and the populations' risk of developing breast cancer. A number of factors have been found to correlate with perceived risk.

Methods: This paper reports on a telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of approximately 3,000 Australian women aged 30 to 69 years, conducted in 2007, and compares the findings with those of a similar survey conducted in 2003.

Reducing time to diagnosis does not improve outcomes for women with symptomatic ovarian cancer: a report from the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group.

Purpose: To determine if time to diagnosis is associated with stage of disease at diagnosis or survival among women with symptomatic ovarian cancer.

Methods: A representative sample of Australian women (n = 1,463) with ovarian cancer diagnosed between 2002 and 2005 who participated in a population-based case-control study were interviewed regarding the events leading to their diagnosis and were observed for mortality for 5 years.

Results: Of the 1,318 women (90%) who presented to a medical practitioner with symptoms, 55% presented within 1 month, 70% in less than 2 months, and 92% within 6 months of symptom onset.

It's now or never: fertility-related knowledge, decision-making preferences, and treatment intentions in young women with breast cancer--an Australian fertility decision aid collaborative group study.

Purpose: For many young women with early breast cancer, fertility is a priority. Interventions to retain fertility options generally need to be accessed before chemotherapy, but many women do not receive information regarding these options in a timely fashion. Knowledge about fertility and decisional conflict has not previously been measured in young patients with breast cancer considering future pregnancies.