The effector BcXYG1 suppresses immunity in by targeting FvBPL4 and FvACD11.

is one of the most destructive pathogens in strawberry cultivation. Successful infection by requires releasing a large number of effectors that interfere with the plant's immune system. One of the effectors required by for optimal virulence is the secreted protein BcXYG1, which is thought to associate with proteins near the plasma membrane of the host plant to induce necrosis.

The high-quality genome of Cryptotaenia japonica and comparative genomics analysis reveals anthocyanin biosynthesis in Apiaceae.

Cryptotaenia japonica, a traditional medicinal and edible vegetable crops, is well-known for its attractive flavors and health care functions. As a member of the Apiaceae family, the evolutionary trajectory and biological properties of C. japonica are not clearly understood.

The dynamic arms race during the early invasion of woodland strawberry by revealed by dual dense high-resolution RNA-seq analyses.

Necrotrophic pathogens replicate massively upon colonizing plants, causing large-scale wilting and death of plant tissues. Understanding both mechanisms of pathogen invasion and host response processes prior to symptom appearance and their key regulatory networks is therefore important for defense against pathogen attack. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of interaction between woodland strawberry () leaves and gray mold pathogen () at 14 infection time points during the first 12 hours of the infection period using a dense, high-resolution time series dual transcriptomic analysis, characterizing the arms race between strawberry and before the appearance of localized lesions.

Different evolutionary patterns of TIR1/AFBs and AUX/IAAs and their implications for the morphogenesis of land plants.

Background: The plant hormone auxin is widely involved in plant growth, development, and morphogenesis, and the TIR1/AFB and AUX/IAA proteins are closely linked to rapid auxin response and signal transmission. However, their evolutionary history, historical patterns of expansion and contraction, and changes in interaction relationships are still unknown.

Results: Here, we analyzed the gene duplications, interactions, and expression patterns of TIR1/AFBs and AUX/IAAs to understand their underlying mechanisms of evolution.

The telomere-to-telomere genome of reveals the genomic evolution of and the origin of cultivated octoploid strawberry.

commonly known as wild or woodland strawberry, is the most widely distributed diploid species and is native to Europe and Asia. Because of its small plant size, low heterozygosity, and relative ease of genetic transformation, has been a model plant for fruit research since the publication of its Illumina-based genome in 2011. However, its genomic contribution to octoploid cultivated strawberry remains a long-standing question.

Evolution and functional analysis of the GRAS family genes in six Rosaceae species.

Background: GRAS genes formed one of the important transcription factor gene families in plants, had been identified in several plant species. The family genes were involved in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. However, the comparative analysis of GRAS genes in Rosaceae species was insufficient.

Diversity and conservation of plant small secreted proteins associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) is widespread mutualistic association between plants and fungi, which plays an essential role in nutrient exchange, enhancement in plant stress resistance, development of host, and ecosystem sustainability. Previous studies have shown that plant small secreted proteins (SSPs) are involved in beneficial symbiotic interactions. However, the role of SSPs in the evolution of AMS has not been well studied yet.

Development of a single-cell atlas for woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) leaves during early Botrytis cinerea infection using single cell RNA-seq.

Pathogen invasion leads to fast, local-to-systemic signal transduction that initiates plant defense responses. Despite tremendous progress in past decades, aspects of this process remain unknown, such as which cell types respond first and how signals are transferred among cell types. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq of more than 50 000 single cells to document the gene expression landscape in leaves of woodland strawberry during infection by Botrytis cinerea and identify major cell types.

Different scales of gene duplications occurring at different times have jointly shaped the NBS-LRR genes in Prunus species.

In this study, genome-wide identification, phylogenetic relationships, duplication time and selective pressure of the NBS-LRR genes, an important group of plant disease-resistance genes (R genes), were performed to uncover their genetic evolutionary patterns in the six Prunus species. A total of 1946 NBS-LRR genes were identified; specifically, 589, 361, 284, 281, 318, and 113 were identified in Prunus yedoensis, P. domestica, P.

Recent Duplications Dominate VQ and WRKY Gene Expansions in Six Species.

Genes encoding VQ motif-containing (VQ) transcriptional regulators and WRKY transcription factors can participate separately or jointly in plant growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses. In this study, 222 VQ and 645 WRKY genes were identified in six species. Based on phylogenetic tree topologies, the VQ and WRKY genes were classified into 13 and 32 clades, respectively.

Genome-wide identification of AP2/EREBP in Fragaria vesca and expression pattern analysis of the FvDREB subfamily under drought stress.

Background: Drought is a common phenomenon worldwide. It is also one of the main abiotic factors that affect the growth and quality of strawberry. The dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB) members that belong to the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding protein (AP2/EREBP) superfamily are unique transcription factors in plants that play important roles in the abiotic stress response.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of rugged rose (Rosa rugosa) provides insights into its evolution, ecology, and floral characteristics.

Rosa rugosa, commonly known as rugged rose, is a perennial ornamental shrub. It produces beautiful flowers with a mild fragrance and colorful seed pods. Unlike many other cultivated roses, R.

Advances and perspectives in discovery and functional analysis of small secreted proteins in plants.

Small secreted proteins (SSPs) are less than 250 amino acids in length and are actively transported out of cells through conventional protein secretion pathways or unconventional protein secretion pathways. In plants, SSPs have been found to play important roles in various processes, including plant growth and development, plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and beneficial plant-microbe interactions. Over the past 10 years, substantial progress has been made in the identification and functional characterization of SSPs in several plant species relevant to agriculture, bioenergy, and horticulture.

Adaptive evolution driving the young duplications in six Rosaceae species.

Background: In plant genomes, high proportions of duplicate copies reveals that gene duplications play an important role in the evolutionary processes of plant species. A series of gene families under positive selection after recent duplication events in plant genomes indicated the evolution of duplicates driven by adaptive evolution. However, the genome-wide evolutionary features of young duplicate genes among closely related species are rarely reported.

Meta-analysis of the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on climacteric fruit ripening.

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an inhibitor of ethylene perception that is widely used to maintain the quality of several climacteric fruits during storage. A large body of literature now exists on the effects of 1-MCP on climacteric fruit ripening for different species and environmental conditions, presenting an opportunity to use meta-analysis to systematically dissect these effects. We classified 44 ripening indicators of climacteric fruits into five categories: physiology and biochemistry, quality, enzyme activity, color, and volatiles.

The wild strawberry kinome: identification, classification and transcript profiling of protein kinases during development and in response to gray mold infection.

Background: Protein kinases (PKs) play an important role in signaling cascades and are one of the largest and most conserved protein super families in plants. Despite their importance, the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) kinome and expression patterns of PK genes remain to be characterized.

Results: Here, we report on the identification and classification of 954 Fragaria vesca PK genes, which were classified into nine groups and 124 gene families.

Auxin regulation and expression during adventitious root initiation in apple cuttings.

Adventitious root (AR) formation is critical for the efficient propagation of elite horticultural and forestry crops. Despite decades of research, the cellular processes and molecular mechanisms underlying AR induction in woody plants remain obscure. We examined the details of AR formation in apple () M.

Genome-wide analysis of the C3H zinc finger family reveals its functions in salt stress responses of .

Transcription factors regulate gene expression in response to various external and internal cues by activating or suppressing downstream genes. Significant progress has been made in identifying and characterizing the Cysteine3Histidine (C3H) gene family in several dicots and monocots. They are characterized by their signature motif of three cysteine and one histidine residues, and reportedly play important roles in regulation of plant growth, developmental processes and environmental responses.

Cloning, molecular and functional characterization by overexpression in Arabidopsis of MAPKK genes from grapevine (Vitis vinifera).

Background: The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as a part of the MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK cascade, play crucial roles in plant development as an intracellular signal transduction pathway to respond various environmental signals. However, few MAPKK have been functionally characterized in grapevine.

Results: In the study, five MAPKK (MKK) members were identified in grapevine (cultivar 'Pinot Noir'), cloned and designated as VvMKK1-VvMKK5.

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Grapevine Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Family.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an essential enzyme of the plant antioxidant system that responds to oxidative damage caused by adverse conditions. However, little is known about the SOD gene family in (Vv). In the present study, ten SOD genes, including 6 copper/zinc SODs, 2 iron SODs, and 2 manganese SODs, were identified in the grapevine genome where they were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes.

Isolation and expression analysis of Salt Overly Sensitive gene family in grapevine (Vitisvinifera) in response to salt and PEG stress.

Salt stress is one of the major environmental constraints for the production and yield of grape (Vitis vinifera) worldwide. The SOS3 gene family is part of the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway, a well-defined signaling pathway known to play a role in plant response to salt stress. In this study, the grapevine SOS3 gene family was annotated and the role of the annotated genes in salinity stress response was characterized.

Overexpression of an ABA-dependent grapevine bZIP transcription factor, VvABF2, enhances osmotic stress in Arabidopsis.

Overexpression of grapevine VvABF2 gene could enhance osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana but fully required for ABA signaling. The abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent AREB/ABF-SnRK2 pathway has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in response to osmotic stress in model plants. However, its function in other specific species, for example grapevine, has not been fully characterized.

Genome-wide identification of the HKT genes in five Rosaceae species and expression analysis of HKT genes in response to salt-stress in Fragaria vesca.

Introduction: The high-affinity potassium transporter (HKT) gene family is implicated in the regulation of response to salt stress in different plants. Yet, knowledge remains very limited for them in the Rosaceae species. The whole genome sequences of the five Rosaceae species, including Fragaria vesca (woodland strawberry), Malus domestica (apple), Pyrus communis (pear), Prunus mume (mei) and Prunus persica (peach), give the opportunity to uncover the evolutionary pattern of the HKT genes among Rosaceae genomes.