Adeno-associated virus serotype 2 capsids with proteolytic cuts by trypsin remain intact and potent.

Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have emerged as prominent gene delivery vehicles for gene therapy. In the journey of an AAV vector, AAV vectors can be exposed to different proteolytic environments inside the production cells, during the cell lysis step, within the endosome, and finally inside the cell nucleus. The stability of a modified AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) capsid was evaluated via a proteolytic approach using trypsin and other proteases and both denaturing and non-denaturing analytical methods.

Increased toxic urinary cations in males with interstitial cystitis: a possible cause of bladder symptoms.

Purpose: To identify and quantify toxic urinary cations in male patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis versus male controls, to compare them in symptomatic patients to those significantly improved, and to evaluate cytotoxicity of these cations to cultured urothelial cells to determine whether Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) can neutralize the cations.

Methods: Isolation of cationic fraction (CFs) was achieved by solid phase extraction on urine specimens of 51 male patients with IC and 33 male controls. C reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to profile and quantify cationic metabolites.

An evaluation of Tamm-Horsfall protein glycans in kidney stone formers using novel techniques.

Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is theorized to play a critical role in preventing kidney stone formation. There is conflicting literature on THP analysis in kidney stone patients; therefore, this study was conducted using sensitive and specific bio-analytical techniques to better understand differences in THP, which play a potential role in nephrolithiasis pathogenesis. THP was isolated from urine samples of 34 male and 19 female kidney stone patients and 30 male and 24 female control subjects using diatomaceous earth.

Role of urinary cations in the aetiology of bladder symptoms and interstitial cystitis.

Objectives: To identify and characterise urinary cationic metabolites, defined as toxic factors, in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) and in control subjects. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of the urinary cationic metabolite fraction of patients with IC vs control subjects and of individual metabolites in cultured urothelial cells.

Subjects And Methods: Cationic fractions (CFs) were isolated from the urine specimens of 62 patients with IC and 33 control subjects by solid-phase extraction.