The chicken hypersensitive site-4 insulator cannot fully shield the murine phosphoglycerate kinase-1 promoter from integration site effects in transgenic mice.

Differential expression of transgenes in transgenic animals is one of the main drawbacks of pronuclear injection. To overwhelm this issue, the genetic constructs are equipped with insulators. In this study, the consensus of exerting chicken hypersensitive site-4 () insulator was examined on the shield of phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (-) promoter from the surrounding chromatin in transgenic mice.