Effect of Fluoride on Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review.

Context: Fluoride can prevent dental caries by inhibiting demineralization and promoting remineralization of teeth while affecting the physiology of oral microbiota, thus inhibiting cellular enzymes. However, the effect of systemic fluoride on gut microbiota is unknown.

Objective: To explore the impacts of systemic fluoride on gut microbiota composition and abundance and associated functions such as gene and metabolic regulation.

Assessment of fluoride bio-accessibility in early childhood diets.

Introduction: Currently available dietary recommendations for fluoride provided as "adequate intake" (AI) and "tolerable upper intake level" (UL) assume 100% fluoride availability for utilization by the body, which is often not the case. To prevent the development of dental fluorosis, AI and UL values must include fluoride bioavailability. However, the lack of data on fluoride bioavailability/bio-accessibility has hindered progress so far.

The Types and Effectiveness of Mobile Health Applications Used in Improving Oral Cancer Knowledge: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.

Background And Aims: The global burden of oral cancer (OC) is enormous. Mobile health applications have been found to play a promising role in cancer prevention; however, no known systematic review evidence exists on whether the use of mobile health applications is effective in increasing public knowledge of OC or not. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the types and effectiveness of mobile health applications used for improving OC knowledge.

Fluoride Exposure in Community Prevention Programmes for Oral Health Using Nail Clippings and Spot Urine Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure in populations, practical and accurate biomarkers can play a major role in the surveillance of fluoride. Among different fluoride biomarkers, spot urine and nail clippings have gained more attention due to their ease of acquisition. However, there is no robust consensus about the accuracy of these biomarkers for the estimation of fluoride exposure.

Health risks associated with the production and usage of charcoal: a systematic review.

Unlabelled: Charcoal production and utilisation are linked to various health issues and occupational hazards. However, to our knowledge, no systematic review has primarily focused on the health implications of charcoal production and its use while distinguishing charcoal from other solid fuels such as wood and coal.

Objectives: This systematic review presents a synthesis of the evidence on the health risks associated with producing and using charcoal across the world.

Prolonged exposure to high fluoride levels during adolescence to adulthood elicits molecular, morphological, and functional impairments in the hippocampus.

Fluoride is added to water due to its anticariogenic activity. However, due to its natural presence in soils and reservoirs at high levels, it could be a potential environmental toxicant. This study investigated whether prolonged exposure to fluoride from adolescence to adulthood-at concentrations commonly found in artificially fluoridated water and in fluorosis endemic areas-is associated with memory and learning impairments in mice, and assessed the molecular and morphological aspects involved.

Human and environmental impacts of nanoparticles: a scoping review of the current literature.

Use of nanoparticles have established benefits in a wide range of applications, however, the effects of exposure to nanoparticles on health and the environmental risks associated with the production and use of nanoparticles are less well-established. The present study addresses this gap in knowledge by examining, through a scoping review of the current literature, the effects of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. We searched relevant databases including Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, and SAGE journals, as well as Google, Google Scholar, and grey literature from June 2021 to July 2021.

App-based oral health promotion interventions on modifiable risk factors associated with early childhood caries: A systematic review.

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a preventable chronic disease. Parents' knowledge and attitudes toward oral healthcare have been associated with higher caries experience in their children. Mobile apps within the context of mHealth interventions are a potential tool for raising awareness and informing parents about their children's oral health.

Mapping the evidence for monitoring fluoride exposure in community prevention programmes for oral health using nail clippings and spot urine samples: a scoping review.

Background: There is an increased interest in identifying practical and accurate biomarkers for fluoride exposure. Due to the narrow 'dose-gap' between the benefit of caries reduction and the risk of dental fluorosis, monitoring of fluoride exposure is vital when introducing any fluoridation programme for the prevention of dental caries. This scoping review aimed to ascertain the nature and extent of the available evidence on how spot urine and nail clippings are used to measure fluoride intake/exposure, by using a unique approach of mapping the studies according to population, setting, type of study design, methodology and analytical approach in community prevention programmes.

Intrauterine and Postnatal Exposure to High Levels of Fluoride Is Associated with Motor Impairments, Oxidative Stress, and Morphological Damage in the Cerebellum of Offspring Rats.

Fluoride (F) is abundantly present on Earth and plays a beneficial role in human health. However, exposure to high doses of F can be a risk, mainly in endemic fluorosis regions. In light of this, we investigated the effects of F exposure during the intrauterine and postnatal periods of rats, in doses similar to those recommended in drinking water and the levels of F in regions with endemic fluorosis, on the offspring rats' cerebellum.

A Scopus-Based Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Contributions on Milk Fluoridation.

Fluoridated-milk schemes have been developed and implemented in many countries to prevent dental caries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact/influence of scientific publications, researchers, and institutions conducting research on milk fluoridation; to explore the international and inter-institutional collaboration and illustrate scientific output trends; and to pinpoint research hotspots in milk fluoridation research. This bibliometric analysis of original research articles on milk fluoridation includes all of the original articles published in peer-reviewed journals systematically extracted from the SCOPUS database.

Impact of Fluoride on Associations between Free Sugars Intake and Dental Caries in US Children.

Objective: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease in US children, with the highest burden among Black and Hispanic youth. Sugars are a primary risk factor, but few studies have specifically measured intakes of free sugars and related this to dental caries or explored the extent to which water fluoride mitigates the cariogenicity of free sugars. Furthermore, the cariogenicity of certain free sugars sources, such as extruded fruit and vegetable products, is unclear.

Effect of Physical Exercise and Genetic Background on Glucose Homeostasis and Liver/Muscle Proteomes in Mice.

We compared the parameters related to glucose homeostasis, and liver and muscle proteomes in fluorosis-susceptible (A/J; S) and fluorosis-resistant (129P3/J; R) mice in response to fluoride (F) exposure and exercise. Ninety male mice (45 R-mice and 45 S-mice) were randomized into three groups: (SI; RI) No-F, No-Exercise, (SII; RII) 50 ppm F, No-Exercise, (SIII; RIII) 50 ppm F, Exercise. Overall, mean F concentrations in the plasma and femur were significantly higher in R-mice compared with S-mice.

Fractional urinary fluoride excretion and nail fluoride concentrations in normal, wasted and stunted 4-5 year-old children in Nepal.

Introduction: It has been suggested that undernourished children are more likely to develop dental fluorosis. We investigated the effects of nutritional status on systemic fluoride metabolism including the proportion of ingested fluoride excreted through urine (i.e.

Editorial - Community Water fluoridation.

Since the discovery of the caries preventive benefits of fluoride, it has been the cornerstone of preventive programs for children and adults. Water fluoridation, the controlled addition of a precise amount of fluoride to community water systems to the level beneficial for dental health, is one of the most effective and safe means to deliver fluoride (McDonagh et al., 2000; National Health and Medical Research Council, 2017).

Biomarkers for the Assessment of Exposure to Fluoride in Adults.

To monitor deficient or excessive intakes of biologically available fluoride (F), various biological samples have been tested for use as biomarkers of human exposure to F. Most such studies have concerned children and often have only involved measurement of F in 1 or 2 types of sample. The present study investigated the relationships of F concentrations in biomarkers of F exposure; including plasma, saliva, hair, finger- and toenails, and daily urinary F excretion (UFE) with the total daily F intake (TDFI) of adults.

Pharmacokinetics of fluoride in human adults: The effect of exercise.

The literature is sparse in terms of the effect of exercise on the pharmacokinetics of fluoride (F) in humans. In a 4-treatment repeated measures cross-over study, we investigated F pharmacokinetics following no exercise (control) and three exercise intensity conditions (light, moderate and vigorous) in healthy adults. At a pre-experimental session, 8 participants (18-30y) residing in a non-fluoridated-area, underwent a VO test to guide the three exercise intensities for the experimental sessions.

Biomarkers for the Assessment of Fluoride Exposure in Children.

Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure, the ability of various biomarkers to predict exposure has been investigated previously. However, the results are inadequate for validation of their application and usefulness. This study aimed to investigate the association between contemporary/recent biomarkers of fluoride exposure and total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) of children with large differences in fluoride exposure through drinking water.

Chapter 1: Nutrition and Diet.

Diet and nutrition are fundamental in maintaining the general and oral health of populations. Diet refers to the total amount of food consumed by individuals; whereas nutrition is the process of utilising food for growth, metabolism and repair of tissues. The relationship between diet and nutrition and health is 2-way; health status can be affected by nutrient deficiency and vice versa.

Chapter 5: Microelements: Part II: F, Al, Mo and Co.

Ultratrace element is a relatively new term, and is defined as those elements with an established, estimated, or suspected dietary requirement of minute amount, generally of the order of µg/day. This chapter focuses on fluorine (F), aluminium (Al), molybdenum (Mo), and cobalt (Co). Whilst diet is the principal source of Al, Mo, and Co found in the body, inadvertent ingestion of dental hygiene products accounts for a significant proportion of F intake.

Effect of altitude on urinary, plasma and nail fluoride levels in children and adults in Nepal.

Introduction: A greater prevalence of dental fluorosis has been reported in higher- versus lower-altitude communities. This study, for the first time, examined several aspects of fluoride metabolism in children, aged 4-5 years, and their parent, living at lower altitude (<78 m) and higher altitude (>1487) areas in Nepal.

Methods: The study assessed total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), 24 h urinary fluoride excretion (UFE), and fluoride concentrations of toe- and finger-nail (FC, FC) in children and parents as well as fluoride concentration of plasma (FC) in parents.