Spatial and temporal clustering of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Poland.

Background: Geographic variation in the prevalence of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate may be due to exogenous environmental factors or genetic variation. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Polish urban and rural environments in order to identify geographic areas with high prevalence (defect clusters).

Methods: We use all cases of congenital malformations reported to the Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations in the years 1998-2008 from the total population of 2,362,502 births.

[Selected ethical problems in neonatology -- opinions of physicians and nurses based on questionnaire study].

Unlabelled: AIM OF THIS PAPER: To present the opinions of doctors and nurses on the limitations of resuscitation and treatment of extremely premature newborns.

Material And Methods: Anonymous questionnaire studies were carried out in 342 doctors and 1194 nurses from 6 provinces of Poland. The authors compared the answers of doctors and nurses as well as the answers form different provinces.