Three-dimensional imaging of upper tract urothelial carcinoma improves diagnostic yield and accuracy.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare form of urothelial cancer with a high incidence of recurrence and a low survival rate. Almost two-thirds of UTUCs are invasive at the time of diagnosis; therefore, improving diagnostic methods is key to increasing survival rates. Histopathological analysis of UTUC is essential for diagnosis and typically requires endoscopy biopsy, tissue sectioning, and labeling.

Study protocol for Attachment & Child Health (ATTACH) program: promoting vulnerable Children's health at scale.

Background: Children's exposure to toxic stress (e.g., parental depression, violence, poverty) predicts developmental and physical health problems resulting in health care system burden.

Relationships between maternal body mass index and child cognitive outcomes at 3 years of age are buffered by specific early environments in a prospective Canadian birth cohort.

Fetal and child development are shaped by early life exposures, including maternal health states, nutrition and educational and home environments. We aimed to determine if suboptimal pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI; underweight, overweight, obese) would associate with poorer cognitive outcomes in children, and whether early life nutritional, educational and home environments modify these relationships. Self-reported data were obtained from mother-infant dyads from the pan-Canadian prospective Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort.

Disrupted gene expression perturbs spontaneous Ca activity causing abnormal brain development and increased anxiety.

The L-type voltage-gated Ca channel gene is a risk gene for various psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, the cellular mechanism by which contributes to psychiatric disorders has not been elucidated. Here, we report that the embryonic deletion of in neurons destined for the cerebral cortex using an strategy disturbs spontaneous Ca activity and causes abnormal brain development and anxiety.

The trans-SNARE complex VAMP4/Stx6/Stx7/Vti1b is a key regulator of Golgi to late endosome MT1-MMP transport in macrophages.

The activity of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MT1-MMP is strictly regulated by expression and cellular location. In macrophages LPS activation leads to the up-regulation of MT1-MMP and this need to be at the cell surface for them to degrade the dense extracellular matrix (ECM) components to create a path to migrate into injured and infected tissues. Fixed and live imaging shows newly made MT1-MMP is packaged into vesicles that traffic to and fuse with LBPA LAMP1 late endosomes en route to the surface.

Invasion by activated macrophages requires delivery of nascent membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase through late endosomes/lysosomes to the cell surface.

Macrophage migration into injured or infected tissue is a key aspect in the pathophysiology of many diseases where inflammation is a driving factor. Membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) cleaves extracellular matrix components to facilitate invasion. Here we show that, unlike the constitutive MT1-MMP surface recycling seen in cancer cells, unactivated macrophages express low levels of MT1-MMP.

Development and use of biomaterials as wound healing therapies.

There is a vast number of treatments on the market for the management of wounds and burns, representing a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide. These include conventional wound dressings, dressings that incorporate growth factors to stimulate and facilitate the wound healing process, and skin substitutes that incorporate patient-derived cells. This article will review the more established, and the recent advances in the use of biomaterials for wound healing therapies, and their future direction.

Macrophage Phenotypes Regulate Scar Formation and Chronic Wound Healing.

Macrophages and inflammation play a beneficial role during wound repair with macrophages regulating a wide range of processes, such as removal of dead cells, debris and pathogens, through to extracellular matrix deposition re-vascularisation and wound re-epithelialisation. To perform this range of functions, these cells develop distinct phenotypes over the course of wound healing. They can present with a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, more often found in the early stages of repair, through to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes that are pro-repair in the latter stages of wound healing.