Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis.

Vertebrates exhibit a wide range of motor behaviors, ranging from swimming to complex limb-based movements. Here we take advantage of frog metamorphosis, which captures a swim-to-limb-based movement transformation during the development of a single organism, to explore changes in the underlying spinal circuits. We find that the tadpole spinal cord contains small and largely homogeneous populations of motor neurons (MNs) and V1 interneurons (V1s) at early escape swimming stages.

Evaluating clinical utility of subgingival and salivary endotoxin activity levels as periodontal biomarkers.

Objectives: The use of periodontal biomarkers for identification and monitoring of unique patient populations could foster better stratification of at-risk groups, increase access to treatment for those most in need, facilitate preventive measures and improve personalised care plans. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic and prognostic utility of oral lipopolysaccharides as bacterially-derived periodontal biomarkers.

Methods: Periodontal parameters were recorded, and saliva and subgingival plaque samples were collected at the beginning of the study from periodontally healthy volunteers and periodontitis patients, and three months after completion of conventional periodontal treatment in the periodontitis group.

Emergency dental care triage during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, from 23 March 2020, routine dental treatment was stopped by the Chief Dental Officer, with the emphasis towards urgent dental care only.Aim To evaluate the activities of the emergency service at a secondary care Urgent Dental Care (UDC) hub during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methods The total number of patients seen from 30 March to 20 June 2020 was recorded.

Effect of Treatment of Periodontitis on Incretin Axis in Obese and Nonobese Individuals: A Cohort Study.

Context: Periodontitis confers an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and, in patients with obesity, it might interfere with the incretin axis. The effect of periodontal treatment on glucoregulatory hormones remains unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on incretin axis in obese and lean nondiabetic individuals.

Obesity as predictive factor of periodontal therapy clinical outcomes: A cohort study.

Aim: The study aim was to investigate the predictive role of obesity on clinical response following non-surgical periodontal therapy in individuals with severe periodontitis.

Methods: A total of 57 BMI obese and 58 BMI normal non-smoker adults with periodontitis (defined as probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥5 mm and alveolar bone loss of >30% with >50% of the teeth affected) received non-surgical periodontal therapy. Periodontal status was based upon PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL) and full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS).

Comparative analysis of total salivary lipopolysaccharide chemical and biological properties with periodontal status.

Objective: Clinical manifestations of Gram-negative bacteria mediated diseases can be influenced by how the host senses their major microbe-associated molecular pattern, the cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Keystone periodontal pathogens can produce a heterogeneous population of LPS molecules, with strikingly different host-microbiome interactions and immune outcomes.

Design: Structure-function correlations of salivary LPS extracts in patients with periodontitis before and after periodontal treatment and healthy volunteers were analysed by comparing its lipid A and carbohydrate chain chemical structure and evaluating its endotoxin activity and inflammatory potential.

Subgingival lipid A profile and endotoxin activity in periodontal health and disease.

Objectives: Regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chemical composition, particularly its lipid A domain, is an important, naturally occurring mechanism that drives bacteria-host immune system interactions into either a symbiotic or pathogenic relationship. Members of the subgingival oral microbiota can critically modulate host immuno-inflammatory responses by synthesizing different LPS isoforms. The objectives of this study were to analyze subgingival lipid A profiles and endotoxin activities in periodontal health and disease and to evaluate the use of the recombinant factor C assay as a new, lipid A-based biosensor for personalized, point-of-care periodontal therapy.

Localised periodontitis associated with an ectopic orthodontic separator.

A case of localised periodontitis associated with a subgingival orthodontic separator is presented. The presence of this object was related to quite severe periodontal breakdown around an upper right first premolar tooth in an otherwise unsusceptible individual.

Replacement of missing teeth with fixed prostheses.

This article explores the various treatment options available to replace missing teeth with a fixed prosthesis. It discusses the requirements for each treatment modality and its associated advantages and disadvantages.

An in vitro study to investigate the load at fracture of Procera AllCeram crowns with various thickness of occlusal veneer porcelain.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of occlusal veneer porcelain thickness on the load at fracture of Procera AllCeram crowns.

Materials And Methods: Fifty resin dies were manufactured to incorporate the features of an all-ceramic crown preparation on a premolar tooth. Fifty corresponding crowns were constructed and divided into five groups.